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. 2019 Apr 7;24(7):1364. doi: 10.3390/molecules24071364

  1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................6

  2. Habitat and cultivation of Piper plants ..............................................................................................7
    • 2.1.
      Habitat of Piper nigrum L. .............................................................................................................7
    • 2.2.
      Cultivation of Piper nigrum L. ......................................................................................................8
  3. Chemical constituents of the essential oils of Piper species .............................................................9
    • 3.1.
      Piper aduncum L. ..........................................................................................................................11
    • 3.2.
      Piper amalago L. ............................................................................................................................15
    • 3.3.
      Piper betle L. ..................................................................................................................................16
    • 3.4.
      Piper cubeba Bojer .........................................................................................................................18
    • 3.5.
      Piper nigrum L. .............................................................................................................................20
    • 3.6.
      Piper longum L. .............................................................................................................................24
    • 3.7.
      Piper arboreum Aubl. ....................................................................................................................24
    • 3.8.
      Piper auritum Kunth ....................................................................................................................26
    • 3.9.
      Piper cernuum Vell. ......................................................................................................................26
    • 3.10.
      Piper dilatatum Rich. ..................................................................................................................28
    • 3.11.
      Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth ...................................................................................................29
    • 3.12.
      Piper hispidum Sw. (including references to the synonym Piper hispidinervum C.DC.) ....31
    • 3.13.
      Piper guineense Schumach. & Thonn .......................................................................................34
    • 3.14.
      Piper marginatum Jacq. ...............................................................................................................34
    • 3.15.
      Piper umbellatum L. ....................................................................................................................36
    • 3.16.
      Piper tuberculatum Jacq. .............................................................................................................36
    • 3.17.
      Other Piper species ....................................................................................................................39
  4. Traditional uses of Piper species .......................................................................................................55
    • 4.1.
      Piper abbreviatum Opiz ................................................................................................................ 55
    • 4.2.
      Piper aduncum L. .......................................................................................................................... 55
    • 4.3.
      Piper boehmeriifolium (Wall. ex Miq.) C.DC. ............................................................................. 56
    • 4.4.
      Piper sylvaticum Roxb. ................................................................................................................. 56
    • 4.5.
      Piper capense L.f. ........................................................................................................................... 56
    • 4.6.
      Piper cubeba L. ............................................................................................................................... 56
    • 4.7.
      Piper gibbilimbum C.DC. .............................................................................................................. 56
    • 4.8.
      Piper guineense Schum and Thonn ............................................................................................. 56
    • 4.9.
      Piper longum L. (syn. P. latifolium Forst.; P. chaba Hunter) ..................................................... 57
    • 4.10.
      Piper nigrum L. ........................................................................................................................... 57
    • 4.11.
      Piper cavalcantei Yunck. ............................................................................................................. 58
    • 4.12.
      Piper marginatum Jacq................................................................................................................ 58
    • 4.13.
      Piper umbellatum L. .................................................................................................................... 58
    • 4.14.
      Piper aborescens Roxb. ................................................................................................................ 59
    • 4.15.
      Piper acutifolium Ruiz and Pav. ................................................................................................ 59
    • 4.16.
      Piper alatabaccum Trel. & Yunck ............................................................................................... 59
    • 4.17.
      Piper angustifolium Lam. ........................................................................................................... 59
    • 4.18.
      Piper auritum Kunth .................................................................................................................. 59
    • 4.19.
      Piper barbatum Kunth ................................................................................................................ 60
    • 4.20.
      Piper betle L. ................................................................................................................................ 60
    • 4.21.
      Piper claussenianum (Miq.) C. DC. ............................................................................................ 60
    • 4.22.
      Piper cumanense Kunth .............................................................................................................. 60
    • 4.23.
      Piper dennisii Trel. ...................................................................................................................... 61
    • 4.24.
      Piper fimbriulatum C. DC. .......................................................................................................... 61
    • 4.25.
      Piper glabratum Kunth ............................................................................................................... 61
    • 4.26.
      Piper grande Vahl........................................................................................................................ 61
    • 4.27.
      Piper hayneanum C.DC. ............................................................................................................. 61
    • 4.28.
      Piper hispidum L. ........................................................................................................................ 61
    • 4.29.
      Piper holtonii C.DC. .................................................................................................................... 61
    • 4.30.
      Piper jacquemontianum Kunth ................................................................................................... 61
    • 4.31.
      Piper jericoense Trel. & Yunck ................................................................................................... 62
    • 4.32.
      Piper lanceaefolium HBK. ........................................................................................................... 62
    • 4.33.
      Piper methysticum G.Forst ......................................................................................................... 62
    • 4.34.
      Piper multiplinervium C.DC. ..................................................................................................... 62
    • 4.35.
      Piper obrutum Trel. & Yunck. ................................................................................................... 62
    • 4.36.
      Piper ovatum Vahl ...................................................................................................................... 62
    • 4.37.
      Piper pulchrum C.DC. ................................................................................................................ 62
    • 4.38.
      Piper pyrifolium Vahl. ................................................................................................................. 62
    • 4.39.
      Piper regnellii (Miq.) C. DC. ...................................................................................................... 63
    • 4.40.
      Piper retrofractum Vahl .............................................................................................................. 63
    • 4.41.
      Piper sanvicentense Trel. & Yunck. ........................................................................................... 63
    • 4.42.
      Piper sarmentosum Roxb. ........................................................................................................... 63
    • 4.43.
      Piper sintenense Hatus. .............................................................................................................. 63
    • 4.44.
      Piper strigosum Trel. & Yunck. ................................................................................................. 64
    • 4.45.
      Piper stylosum Miq. .................................................................................................................... 64
    • 4.46.
      Piper tuberculatum Jacq. ............................................................................................................. 64
    • 4.47.
      Piper xanthostachyum C. DC ...................................................................................................... 64
    • 4.48.
      Piper carpunya Ruiz & Pav (syn: P. lenticellosum C.D.C.) ...................................................... 64
    • 4.49.
      Piper obliquum Ruiz & Pavon ................................................................................................... 64
    • 4.50.
      Piper laetispicum C. DC .............................................................................................................. 64
    • 4.51.
      Piper arboreum Aubl. .................................................................................................................. 64
    • 4.52.
      Piper amalago L. .......................................................................................................................... 65
    • 4.53.
      Piper ribesioides Wall. (syn: P. sumatranum (Miq.) C. DC.) .................................................... 65
    • 4.54.
      Piper corcovadensis (Miq.) C. DC. ............................................................................................. 65
    • 4.55.
      Piper futokadsura Siebold ........................................................................................................... 65
    • 4.56.
      Piper elongatum Vahl. ................................................................................................................. 65
    • 4.57.
      Piper mikanianum (Kunth) Steud .............................................................................................. 65
    • 4.58.
      Piper medium Jacq. ...................................................................................................................... 66
    • 4.59.
      Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz. .......................................................................................... 66
    • 4.60.
      Piper truncatum Vell................................................................................................................... 66
    • 4.61.
      Piper aequale Vahl ....................................................................................................................... 66
    • 4.62.
      Piper alyreanum C.DC ................................................................................................................ 66
    • 4.63.
      Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Miq. ..................................................................................... 66
    • 4.64.
      Piper augustum Rudge ............................................................................................................... 66
    • 4.65.
      Piper darienense C.DC. ............................................................................................................... 66
    • 4.66.
      Piper reticulatum L. ..................................................................................................................... 66
    • 4.67.
      Piper hongkongense C. DC .......................................................................................................... 66
    • 4.68.
      Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi .................................................................................................... 67
    • 4.69.
      Piper macropodum C. DC ........................................................................................................... 67
    • 4.70.
      Piper mutabile C. DC .................................................................................................................. 67
    • 4.71.
      Piper puberulilimbum C. DC ...................................................................................................... 67
    • 4.72.
      Piper yunnanense Tseng ............................................................................................................. 67
    • 4.73.
      Piper callosum Ruiz & Pav. ........................................................................................................ 67
    • 4.74.
      Piper conejoense Trel. & Yunck. ................................................................................................. 67
    • 4.75.
      Piper novae-hollandiae Miq. ........................................................................................................ 67
    • 4.76.
      Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don ..................................................................................... 67
    • 4.77.
      Piper peltatum L. ......................................................................................................................... 67
    • 4.78.
      Piper interruptum Opiz (syn: P. ribesoides Wall.) .................................................................. 68
    • 4.79.
      Piper guianense (Klotzsch) C.DC. ............................................................................................. 68
    • 4.80.
      Piper fragile Benth. ..................................................................................................................... 68
    • 4.81.
      Piper coruscans Kunth. ............................................................................................................... 68
    • 4.82.
      Piper caninum Blume ................................................................................................................. 68
    • 4.83.
      Piper bantamese Blume ............................................................................................................... 68
    • 4.84.
      Piper sanctum (Miq.) Schltdl. .................................................................................................... 68
    • 4.85.
      Piper sylvestre Lam. .................................................................................................................... 69
    • 4.86.
      Piper lanatum Roxb. ................................................................................................................... 69
    • 4.87.
      Piper porphyrophyllum N.E.Br. .................................................................................................. 69
    • 4.88.
      Piper cernuum Vell. .................................................................................................................... 69
    • 4.89.
      Piper cordulatum C. DC. ............................................................................................................. 69
    • 4.90.
      Piper divaricatum Meyer ............................................................................................................ 69
    • 4.91.
      Piper flaviflorum C. DC. ............................................................................................................. 69
    • 4.92.
      Piper gaudichaudianum (Kunth) Kunth ex Steud .................................................................... 69
    • 4.93.
      Piper hainanense Hemsl. ............................................................................................................ 69
    • 4.94.
      Piper klotzschianum Kunth. ....................................................................................................... 69
    • 4.95.
      Piper miniatum Blume ................................................................................................................ 69
    • 4.96.
      Piper aff. pedicellatum C. DC. .................................................................................................... 70
    • 4.97.
      Piper philippinum Miq. (syn. P. kwashoense Hayata) .............................................................. 70
    • 4.98.
      Piper piscatorum Trel. & Yunck................................................................................................. 70
    • 4.99.
      Piper ossanum Trel. ..................................................................................................................... 70
    • 4.100.
      Piper semiimmersum C. DC. ..................................................................................................... 70
    • 4.101.
      Piper submultinerve C. DC. ...................................................................................................... 70
    • 4.102.
      Piper loretoanum Trel. ............................................................................................................... 70
    • 4.103.
      Piper mediocre C.DC. ................................................................................................................ 70
    • 4.104.
      Piper sanguineispicum Trel. ...................................................................................................... 70
    • 4.105.
      Piper taiwanense Lin & Lu ....................................................................................................... 70
    • 4.106.
      Piper trichostachyon (Miq.) C. DC. ......................................................................................... 71
  5. Food preservative of Piper Plants ......................................................................................................71
    • 5.1.
      Antioxidative Activity ................................................................................................................71
    • 5.2.
      Antimicrobial Activity ................................................................................................................72

  6. Antiparasitic activities of Piper Species ............................................................................................75

  7. Biological activities Piper Plants ........................................................................................................77
    • 7.1.
      Antiproliferative/Anti-cancer Properties .................................................................................77
    • 7.2.
      Anti-inflammatory Properties ...................................................................................................81
    • 7.3.
      Neuropharmacological Activities .............................................................................................83
    • 7.4.
      Clinical Studies ............................................................................................................................87

  8. Conclusions and Future Perspectives ..............................................................................................96