Table 1.

Baseline characteristics

Characteristics	Thoracoscopic ablation (N = 61)	Catheter ablation (N = 63)
Male	45 (74%)	55 (87%)
Age (years), mean ± SD	56.1 ± 8.0	56.0 ± 7.2
Body mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SD	27.8 ± 4.6	28.6 ± 3.5
Prior myocardial infarction	0	2 (3.2%)
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%), mean ± SD	57.7 ± 6.8%	55.5 ± 8.2%
LA diameter (mm), mean ± SD	42.5 ± 6.5	43.2 ± 4.8
Reason for randomization
Prior failed catheter ablation	45 (74%)	38 (60%)
LA diameter 40–45 mm and hypertension	8 (13%)	15 (24%)
LA diameter ≥45 mm	8 (13%)	10 (16%)
AF type
Paroxysmal AF	45 (74%)	37 (59%)
Persistent AF	16 (26%)	26 (41%)

AF, atrial fibrillation; LA, left atrial; SD, standard deviation.