Table 2.
Study characteristics and diagnostic accuracy outcomes
| Author, Year | n | Tool | Country | Location(s) | Dementia severity | Dementia diagnosis | Dementia types | Mean age (SD) | % Female | Prevalence of anxiety (%) | No. of items | Best cutoff∗ | Rater | Gold standard for anxiety | Type of anxiety | SN | SP | AUC | PLR | NLR | Highest SN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bradford et al., 2013 [4]†,‡,§ | 41 | Geriatric Anxiety Inventory | USA | Neurology, Geriatrics, Psychiatry Clinics & Dementia Day Care Centers | Mild to moderate | Medical record | NR | 79 (9.1) | 56.1 | 63.4 | 20 | 8 | Trained interviewer | MINI | Any (GAD, anxiety NOS, panic disorder, PTSD) | 0.58 | 0.93 | 0.69 | 8.29 | 0.45 | 0.62 (cutoff 5) |
| Bradford et al., 2013 [4]†,‡,§ | 41 | Geriatric Anxiety Inventory Collateral | USA | Neurology, Geriatrics, Psychiatry Clinics & Dementia Day Care Centers | Mild to moderate | Medical record | NR | 79 (9.1) | 56.1 | 63.4 | 20 | 10 | Collateral | MINI | Any (GAD, anxiety NOS, panic disorder, PTSD) | 0.62 | 0.93 | 0.81 | 8.86 | 0.41 | 0.92 (cutoff 5) |
| Bradford et al., 2013 [4]†,‡,§ | 41 | Penn State Worry Questionnaire (abbreviated) | USA | Neurology, Geriatrics, Psychiatry Clinics & Dementia Day Care Centers | Mild to moderate | Medical record | NR | 79 (9.1) | 56.1 | 63.4 | 8 | 17 | Trained interviewer | MINI | Any (GAD, anxiety NOS, panic disorder, PTSD) | 0.62 | 0.73 | 0.69 | 2.30 | 0.52 | 0.77 (cutoff 13) |
| Bradford et al., 2013 [4]†,‡,§ | 41 | Penn State Worry Questionnaire (abbreviated) Collateral | USA | Neurology, Geriatrics, Psychiatry Clinics & Dementia Day Care Centers | Mild to moderate | Medical record | NR | 79 (9.1) | 56.1 | 63.4 | 8 | 22 | Collateral | MINI | Any (GAD, anxiety NOS, panic disorder, PTSD) | 0.81 | 0.73 | 0.77 | 3.00 | 0.26 | 0.92 (cutoff 13) |
| Goyal et al., 2016 [9]‡ | 101 | Rating Anxiety in Dementia (Norwegian Version) | Norway | Nursing homes | Mild to moderate | DSM V | AD, VAD, FTD, mixed (AD, VAD, LBD) | 86.0 (6.5) | 78.2 | 27.7 | 18 | 10 | Clinician | DSM V | GAD | 0.85 | 0.56 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 0.89 (cutoff 9) |
| Shankar et al., 1999 [6] | 24¶ | Rating Anxiety in Dementia | UK | Inpatient, day hospital/day center, long stay continuing care wards | NR (CDR done but NR) | DSM IV | AD, VAD other dementias | 79.1 (7) | 62 | 41.7 | 18 | 11 | Clinician | DSM IV | GAD | 0.90 | 0.79 | NR | 4.29 | 0.13 | |
| Snow et al., 2012 [19]†,‡ | 32 | Rating Anxiety in Dementia | USA | Geriatrics, Neurology, Primary Care Clinics, Community Day Centers | Mild to moderate | Diagnosis confirmed by provider | AD, LBD, VAD, dementia NOS | 78.6 (9.7) | 59.4 | 62.5 | 18 | 10 | Trained assessor | MINI | Any (GAD, anxiety NOS, panic disorder, PTSD) | 0.90 | 0.67 | 0.8 | 2.72 | 0.15 | 0.95 (cutoff 9) |
Abbreviations: N, sample size; NR, not reported; SN, sensitivity; SP, specificity; PLR, positive likelihood ratio; NLR, negative likelihood ratio; AUC, area under the curve; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual; MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; NOS, not otherwise specified; PTSD, posttraumatic stress sisorder; AD, Alzheimer's disease; VAD, vascular dementia; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; LBD, Lewy body dementia; SD, standard deviation; CDR, Clinical Dementia.
Best meaning—optimal balance of sensitivity and specificity as reported by authors.
Patients recruited from the same CBT trial.
Includes patients with CDR 0.5 or minor neurocognitive disorder.
Note all rows from Bradford et al. represent the same study, with each row outlining a different tool or version of a tool.
There were 83 patients in the study but only 24 completed the DSM assessment.