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. 2019 Mar 28;20(7):1559. doi: 10.3390/ijms20071559

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of increased membrane fluidity on warfarin permeability. Caco-2 cells were plated in Transwell plates and incubated for 21 days. (A) HgCl₂, PGE₂, or boric acid/EDTA was added to the apical side of the Transwell plate. The fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,2,5-hexatriene (DPH) was then calculated and expressed as a percentage of the control value, which was set as 100%. (B) Warfarin alone or a combination of warfarin and HgCl₂, warfarin and PGE₂, or warfarin and boric acid/EDTA was added to the apical side of the Transwell plate. The concentration of warfarin on the basal side was measured. The data are presented as the mean ± SD for six experiments. Dunnett’s test: ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 vs. the control value.