Table 1.
Characteristics of the population in Nepal for the 2001–2016 waves (n = 16,802).
| Study Variable | n (% *) | NMR a (95% CI f) | PNMR b (95% CI) | IMR c (95% CI) | CMR d (95% CI) | U5MR e (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year of survey | ||||||
| 2001 | 4714 (28) | 22 (20, 23) | 13 (12, 14) | 35 (32, 37) | 7 (5, 8) | 42 (37, 45) |
| 2006 | 4029 (24) | 17 (15, 19) | 11 (9, 12) | 28 (24, 31) | 4 (3, 5) | 32 (27, 36) |
| 2011 | 4118 (25) | 18 (16, 21) | 7 (6, 8) | 25 (22, 29) | 2 (1, 3) | 27 (23, 32) |
| 2016 | 3941 (23) | 10 (9, 12) | 8 (7, 9) | 18 (16, 21) | 1 (1, 2) | 19 (17, 23) |
| Type of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 3461 (21) | 9 (8, 11) | 9 (7, 10) | 18 (15, 21) | 2 (1, 3) | 20 (16, 24) |
| Rural | 13,341 (79) | 19 (17, 21) | 10 (8, 11) | 29 (25, 32) | 4 (3, 5) | 33 (28, 37) |
| Ecological zone | ||||||
| Terai | 8663 (52) | 18 (16, 20) | 9 (8, 11) | 27 (24, 31) | 4 (3, 5) | 31 (27, 36) |
| Hill | 6871 (41) | 16 (14, 18) | 8 (7, 10) | 24 (21, 28) | 3 (2, 4) | 27 (23, 32) |
| Mountain | 1268 (8) | 20 (18, 22) | 19 (17, 21) | 39 (35, 43) | 5 (4, 6) | 44 (39, 49) |
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Rich | 3239 (19) | 9 (8, 11) | 6 (5, 7) | 15 (14, 18) | 2 (1, 3) | 17 (14, 21) |
| Middle | 6220 (37) | 18 (16, 20) | 10 (8, 11) | 28 (24, 31) | 3 (2, 4) | 31 (26, 35) |
| Poor | 7343 (44) | 20 (18, 22) | 11 (9, 13) | 31 (27, 35) | 5 (4, 6) | 36 (31, 41) |
| Religion | ||||||
| Buddhist | 1191 (7) | 14 (12, 16) | 5 (4, 6) | 19 (16, 22) | 4 (3, 5) | 23 (19, 27) |
| Hindu | 14,191 (84) | 17 (15, 19) | 10 (8, 11) | 27 (23, 30) | 4 (3, 5) | 31 (26, 35) |
| Others | 1420 (8) | 18 (16, 20) | 11 (10, 13) | 29 (26, 33) | 2 (1, 3) | 31 (27, 36) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Brahmin/chettri | 4735 (28) | 15 (13, 16) | 9 (8, 11) | 24 (21, 27) | 2 (1, 3) | 26 (22, 30) |
| Dalit | 2550 (15) | 22 (20, 24) | 10 (9, 12) | 32 (29, 36) | 5 (4, 6) | 37 (33, 42) |
| Janajati | 5694 (34) | 12 (11, 14) | 8 (7, 10) | 20 (18, 24) | 4 (3, 5) | 24 (21, 29) |
| Madhesi | 3824 (23) | 24 (22, 27) | 12 (10, 13) | 36 (32, 40) | 4 (3, 5) | 40 (35, 45) |
| Mother education | ||||||
| Secondary or higher | 5000 (30) | 10 (9, 12) | 6 (5, 8) | 16 (14, 20) | 2 (1, 3) | 18 (15, 23) |
| Primary | 3010 (18) | 14 (12, 16) | 11 (10, 13) | 25 (22, 29) | 2 (1, 3) | 27 (23, 32) |
| No education | 8792 (52) | 22 (20, 24) | 11 (9, 13) | 33 (29, 37) | 6 (5, 7) | 39 (34, 44) |
| Mother’s literacy level (n = 16,800) | ||||||
| Can read | 8828 (53) | 12 (10, 13) | 8 (6, 9) | 20 (16, 22) | 2 (1, 3) | 22 (17, 25) |
| Cannot read | 7972 (47) | 23 (21, 25) | 12 (10, 13) | 35 (31, 38) | 6 (5, 7) | 41 (36, 45) |
| Father’s education (n = 16,770) | ||||||
| Secondary or higher | 8647 (51) | 14 (12, 15) | 9 (7, 10) | 23 (19, 24) | 3 (2, 4) | 26 (21, 28) |
| Primary | 4136 (25) | 19 (17, 21) | 11 (9, 12) | 30 (26, 33) | 5 (4, 6) | 35 (30, 39) |
| No education | 3986 (24) | 23 (21, 25) | 11 (9, 13) | 34 (30, 38) | 5 (4, 6) | 39 (35, 44) |
| Mother occupation (16,800) | ||||||
| Not working | 4226 (25) | 15 (13, 17) | 6 (5, 7) | 21 (18, 24) | 2 (1, 2) | 22 (20, 24) |
| Agriculture | 10,725 (64) | 17 (15, 19) | 11 (10, 13) | 28 (25, 32) | 5 (4, 6) | 33 (31, 36) |
| Skilled/professional | 1850 (11) | 19 (17, 22) | 10 (8, 11) | 29 (25, 33) | 3 (2, 4) | 32 (30, 35) |
| Mother’s age | ||||||
| 40–49 | 824 (5) | 21 (18, 23) | 11 (9, 13) | 32 (27, 36) | 15 (13, 16) | 47 (40, 52) |
| 30–39 | 4089 (24) | 15 (14, 17) | 10 (8, 11) | 25 (22, 28) | 4 (3, 5) | 29 (25, 33) |
| 20–29 | 10,525 (63) | 16 (14, 18) | 9 (8, 11) | 25 (22, 29) | 3 (2, 4) | 28 (24, 33) |
| <20 | 1364 (8) | 28 (25, 30) | 12 (11, 14) | 40 (36, 44) | 1 (1, 2) | 41 (37, 46) |
| Mother’s desire for Pregnancy (n = 16,801) | ||||||
| Wanted then | 11,695 (70) | 18 (16, 20) | 10 (9, 12) | 28 (25, 32) | 4 (3, 5) | 32 (28, 37) |
| Wanted later | 2165 (13) | 14 (12, 16) | 7 (6, 9) | 21 (19, 25) | NA | 21 (19, 25) |
| No more | 2940 (18) | 17 (15, 19) | 10 (8, 11) | 27 (23, 30) | 6 (5, 7) | 33 (28, 37) |
| Birth rank and birth interval | ||||||
| 2nd/3rd birth rank, >2 years | 5607 (33) | 13 (11, 15) | 9 (7, 10) | 22 (18, 25) | 2 (1, 3) | 24 (19, 28) |
| 1st child | 4881 (29) | 20 (18, 22) | 10 (8, 11) | 32 (26, 33) | 3 (2, 4) | 35 (28, 37) |
| 2nd/3rd child, interval ≤2 years | 1740 (10) | 20 (18, 22) | 9 (7, 10) | 29 (25, 32) | 3 (2, 4) | 32 (27, 36) |
| 4th/higher child, interval >2 years | 3503 (21) | 14 (12, 16) | 11 (10, 13) | 25 (22, 29) | 5 (4, 6) | 30 (26, 35) |
| 4th/higher child, interval ≤ 2 years | 1072 (6) | 31 (28, 33) | 11 (10, 13) | 42 (38, 46) | 11 (10, 13) | 53 (48, 59) |
| Previous Death of a child | ||||||
| No | 13,809 (82) | 8 (7, 9) | 5 (4, 6) | 13 (11, 15) | 1 (1, 2) | 14 (12, 17) |
| Yes | 2993 (18) | 59 (55, 63) | 30 (28, 33) | 89 (83, 96) | 15 (13, 17) | 104 (96, 113) |
| Child Sex | ||||||
| Male | 8822 (53) | 17 (15, 19) | 8 (7, 10) | 25 (22, 29) | 4 (3, 5) | 29 (25, 34) |
| Female | 7980 (47) | 17 (15, 19) | 11 (10, 13) | 28 (26, 32) | 4 (3, 5) | 32 (29, 37) |
| Types of drinking water source (15,659) | ||||||
| Improved | 13,199 (79) | 16 (14, 18) | 9 (8, 11) | 25 (22, 29) | 3 (2, 4) | 28 (24, 33) |
| Unimproved | 2460 (15) | 15 (13, 17) | 12 (10, 13) | 27 (23, 30) | 7 (5, 8) | 34 (28, 38) |
| Types of sanitation facilities (n = 15,652) | ||||||
| Improved | 6302 (38) | 12 (11, 14) | 9 (7, 10) | 21 (18, 24) | 1 (1, 2) | 22 (20, 24) |
| Unimproved | 9350 (56) | 19 (16, 21) | 10 (9, 12) | 29 (25, 33) | 5 (4, 6) | 34 (29, 39) |
| Types of Cooking Fuel (15,659) | ||||||
| Improved | 2478 (15) | 8 (6, 9) | 8 (6, 9) | 16 (12, 18) | 2 (1, 3) | 18 (13, 21) |
| Unimproved | 13,182 (78) | 18 (16, 20) | 10 (9, 12) | 28 (25, 32) | 4 (3, 5) | 32 (28, 37) |
| Number of ANC visits (n = 16,792) | ||||||
| 4+ANC visits | 6660 (40) | 9 (8, 11) | 8 (6, 9) | 17 (14, 20) | 2 (1, 3) | 19 (15, 23) |
| 1–3 ANC visits | 5825 (35) | 19 (17, 22) | 8 (7, 9) | 27 (24, 31) | 2 (1, 3) | 29 (25, 34) |
| No ANC visits | 4307 (26) | 26 (23, 28) | 15 (13, 17) | 41 (36, 45) | 9 (7, 10) | 50 (43, 55) |
| TT Pregnancy Times (n = 16,798) | ||||||
| Two or more TT | 10,143 (60) | 12 (10, 13) | 7 (6, 9) | 19 (16, 22) | 2 (1, 3) | 21 (17, 25) |
| One TT | 2441 (15) | 20 (18, 22) | 10 (9, 12) | 30 (27, 34) | 3 (2, 4) | 33 (29, 38) |
| No TT | 4214 (25) | 29 (26, 31) | 15 (13, 17) | 44 (39, 48) | 8 (6, 9) | 52 (45, 57) |
| IFA supplementation (16,801) | ||||||
| Yes | 10,168 (61) | 13 (11, 15) | 8 (7, 9) | 21 (18, 24) | 1 (1, 2) | 22 (19, 26) |
| No | 6633 (39) | 23 (21, 25) | 13 (11, 14) | 36 (32, 39) | 7 (6, 9) | 43 (38, 48) |
| Place of delivery (16,801) | ||||||
| Health facility | 5462 (33) | 12 (11, 14) | 8 (7, 10) | 20 (18, 24) | 1 (1, 2) | 21 (19, 26) |
| Home facility | 11,338 (67) | 19 (17, 21) | 10 (9, 12) | 29 (28, 33) | 5 (4, 6) | 34 (32, 39) |
| Delivery assistance (16,801) | ||||||
| Doctors/nurses | 4544 (27) | 12 (10, 14) | 9 (8, 11) | 21 (18, 25) | 1 (1, 2) | 22 (19, 27) |
| Others | 12,257 (73) | 19 (17, 21) | 10 (8, 11) | 29 (25, 32) | 5 (4, 6) | 34 (29, 38) |
| Mode of delivery (16,801) | ||||||
| Non caesarean | 16,006 (95) | 18 (16, 20) | 10 (8, 11) | 28 (24, 31) | 4 (3, 5) | 32 (27, 36) |
| Caesarean | 796 (5) | 6 (5, 7) | 10 (9, 12) | 16 (14, 19) | 2 (1, 3) | 18 (15, 22) |
| Current use of contraceptives at the time of the survey | ||||||
| Yes | 6422 (38) | 10 (8, 11) | 5 (4, 6) | 15 (12, 17) | 2 (1, 3) | 17 (13, 20) |
| No | 10,380 (62) | 22 (19, 24) | 13 (11, 14) | 35 (30, 38) | 5 (4, 6) | 40 (35, 44) |
* Percentage did not add up to 100% because of missing values. a Neonatal Mortality Rates; b Post-neonatal Mortality Rates; c Infant Mortality Rates; d Child Mortality Rates (CMR); e Under-five Mortality Rates; f Confidence Interval.