Table 2.
aHR (95% CI) for factors associated with neonatal, post-neonatal, infant, child and under-five mortality in Nepal, 2001–2016, (n = 15,750).
| Variables | Neonatal Mortality (0–30 Days) | Post-Neonatal Mortality (1–11 Months) | Infant Mortality (0–11 Months) | Child Mortality (12–59 Months) | Under-Five Mortality (0–59 Months) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aHR (95% CI) | p-value | aHR (95% CI) | p -value | aHR (95% CI) | p -value | aHR (95% CI) | p -value | aHR (95% CI) | p -value | |
| Religion | ||||||||||
| Buddhist | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Hindu | 2.48 (1.02, 6.03) | 0.046 | ||||||||
| Others | 3.55 (1.27, 9.93) | 0.016 | ||||||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Brahmin/chettri | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Dalit | 1.19 (0.86, 1.65) | 0.285 | 1.16 (0.85, 1.59) | 0.341 | ||||||
| Janajati | 0.84 (0.63, 1.12) | 0.239 | 0.90 (0.70, 1.16) | 0.426 | ||||||
| Madhesi | 1.82 (1.35, 2.45) | <0.001 | 1.73 (1.29, 2.32) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Mother’s literacy level | ||||||||||
| Can read | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Cannot read | 1.57 (1.13, 2.17) | 0.007 | 1.33 (1.03, 1.72) | 0.031 | ||||||
| Mother’s occupation | ||||||||||
| Not working | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Agriculture | 1.82 (1.03, 3.22) | 0.040 | 1.45 (1.06, 2.00) | 0.022 | 1.45 (1.06, 1.96) | 0.018 | ||||
| Skilled/professional | 2.33 (0.99, 5.46) | 0.053 | 2.15 (1.38, 3.35) | 0.001 | 2.15 (1.40, 3.30) | <0.001 | ||||
| Mother’s age | ||||||||||
| 40–49 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 30–39 | 1.46 (0.83, 2.58) | 0.192 | 2.20 (1.08, 4.50) | 0.031 | 1.68 (1.07, 2.63) | 0.025 | 1.41 (0.95, 2.08) | 0.085 | ||
| 20–29 | 1.71 (0.97, 3.01) | 0.065 | 3.28 (1.39, 7.77) | 0.007 | 2.09 (1.30, 3.37) | 0.002 | 1.88 (1.24, 2.86) | 0.003 | ||
| <20 | 2.39 (1.13, 5.05) | 0.022 | 5.04 (1.73, 14.7) | 0.003 | 3.05 (1.64, 5.66) | <0.001 | 2.76 (1.57, 4.85) | <0.001 | ||
| Birth rank and birth interval | ||||||||||
| 2nd/3rd birth rank, >2 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 1st child | 2.91 (1.79, 4.74) | <0.001 | 2.12 (1.10, 4.10) | 0.025 | 2.56 (1.72, 3.80) | <0.001 | 1.87 (0.54, 6.47) | 0.322 | 2.55 (1.77, 3.68) | <0.001 |
| 2nd/3rd birth rank, interval ≤2 years | 1.22 (0.75, 1.99) | 0.421 | 1.01 (0.53, 1.92) | 0.985 | 1.15 (0.76, 1.73) | 0.501 | 1.43 (0.44, 4.58) | 0.551 | 1.16 (0.78, 1.73) | 0.463 |
| 4th/higher birth rank, interval >2 years | 0.29 (0.17, 0.50) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.27, 1.07) | 0.078 | 0.37 (0.24, 0.56) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.14, 0.78) | 0.011 | 0.36 (0.24, 0.52) | <0.001 |
| 4th/higher birth rank, interval ≤ 2 years | 0.62 (0.34, 1.11) | 0.109 | 0.52 (0.26, 1.05) | 0.066 | 0.60 (0.38, 0.95) | 0.028 | 0.78 (0.39, 1.59) | 0.499 | 0.62 (0.42, 0.91) | 0.015 |
| Previous death of a child | ||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 17.33 (11.44, 26.26) | <0.001 | 13.05 (7.19, 23.67) | <0.001 | 15.90 (11.38, 22.22) | <0.001 | 16.98 (6.19, 46.58) | <0.001 | 15.97 (11.64, 21.92) | <0.001 |
| TT Pregnancy Times | ||||||||||
| Two or more TT | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| One TT | 1.65 (1.04, 2.60) | 0.033 | 1.34 (0.78, 2.29) | 0.289 | 1.51 (1.06, 2.16) | 0.022 | 1.62 (0.58, 4.54) | 0.353 | 1.54 (1.09, 2.16) | 0.013 |
| No TT | 2.28 (1.68, 3.09) | <0.001 | 1.86 (1.24, 2.79) | 0.003 | 2.44 (1.89, 3.15) | <0.001 | 2.93 (1.51, 5.69) | 0.002 | 2.39 (1.89, 3.01) | <0.001 |
| Contraceptive use | ||||||||||
| yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 1.69 (1.21, 2.37) | 0.002 | 2.69 (1.67, 4.32) | <0.001 | 2.01 (1.53, 2.64) | <0.001 | 2.47 (1.30, 4.71) | 0.005 | 2.03 (1.57, 2.62) | <0.001 |
aHR: adjusted Hazard Ratio; Hazard ratio adjusted for: model 3; and number of ANC visits, TT pregnancy times, IFA supplementation, place of delivery, delivery assistance, mode of delivery, and current use of contraceptives at the time of the survey.