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. 2019 Apr 8;24(7):1372. doi: 10.3390/molecules24071372

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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A schematic diagram illustrating the proposed action mechanisms of chalcone 21-21. Chalcone 21-21 specifically targets the ERK/CREB signaling, thereby inhibiting MITF and MITF-regulated target genes including those encoding tyrosinase, TRP1, and TRP2. AC, adenylate cyclase; α-MSH, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; MAP kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MC1R, melanocortin receptor type 1; MITF, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor; PKA, protein kinase A; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TRP, tyrosinase-related protein; TYR, tyrosinase.