Table 1.
Examples of endocrine signals relaying nutritional status from the periphery to the brain, with potential or established effects on the regulation of circadian rhythms and/or sleep.
| Protein or Metabolite | Main Peripheral Sources | Main References |
|---|---|---|
| Leptin | Adipose tissue (adipocytes) | [117,125,185,186,187] |
| Kynurenine | Liver (hepatocytes) | [120,188] |
| FGF21 | Liver (hepatocytes) | [189] |
| Ghrelin | Stomach (parietal cells) | [190,191,192,193] |
| NAMPT | Peripheral tissues, adipose tissue | [194,195] |
| Irisin | Skeletal muscle | [120,196,197] |
| Lactate | Skeletal muscle | [198,199] |
| Insulin | Pancreas (β cells) | [185,200,201] |