Table 2.
Summary of Key Pharmacogenomics Program Characteristicsa
| Site | Program Initiation | Drug–Gene Pairs | Oversight/ Governance | Testing | Education and Training Opportunities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vanderbilt University Medical Center | 2010 | clopidogrel/CYP2C19; warfarin/CYP2C9 and VKORC1; thiopurines/CYP3A5; AZA/TPMT; simvastatin/SLCO1B1 | • P&T Committee • Steering Committee for PREDICT • Laboratory Formulary Committee |
Preemptive and indication-triggered | • Coursera course in Personalized Medicine • Lecture series in Personalized Medicine (CME) • Graduate school degrees in Human Genetics and Biomedical Informatics |
| University of North Carolina Healthcare | 2007 | clopidogrel/CYP2C19; warfarin/CYP2C9 and VKORC1; abacavir/HLA-B*57:01; irinotecan/UGT1A1 | • P&T Committee • UNC Molecular Genetics and Pathology Laboratory • CPIT faculty oversight |
Preemptive and indication-triggered | • Pharmacogenomics graduate and fellowship programs in the Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics • Graduate level course in Clinical Pharmacogenetics, and a graduate level course in Pharmacogenomics Methods • Clinical pharmacogenetics elective in the professional program • CPIT Genotyping and Education in professional program |
| Mayo Clinic | 2012 | abacavir/HLA-B*57:01; CBZ/HLA-B*15:02 and HLA-A*31:01; MP, TG, and AZA/TPMT; codeine/CYP2D6; tramadol/CYP2D6; tamoxifen/CYP2D6; clopidogrel/CYP2C19; simvastatin/SLCO1B1; warfarin/CYP2C9 and VKORC1; allopurinol/HLA-B*58:01; citalopram/CYP2C19; escitalopram/CYP2C19; fluoxetine/CYP2D6; fluvoxamine/CYP2D6; paroxetine/CYP2D6; venlafaxine/CYP2D6; tacrolimus/CYP3A5; 5-fluorouracil/DPYD; and capecitabine/DPYD |
• CIM Pharmacogenomics Task Force • P&T Committee • Pharmaceutical Formulary Committee • Disease-Oriented Task Forces • Clinical Decision Support Subcommittee |
Preemptive and indication-triggered | • Pharmacogenomics graduate programs in Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics • Pharmacogenomics educational modules (foundational and case-based) for practicing pharmacists on all campuses • MTM pharmacist experiential program in pharmacogenomics • Monthly interdisciplinary pharmacogenomics case conferences available on all campuses • Annual Individualizing Medicine Conference with interdisciplinary workshops • Pharmacogenomics Grand Rounds |
| University of Florida | 2012 | clopidogrel/CYP2C19; codeine/CYP2D6; tramadol/CYP2D6; MP, TG, and AZA/TPMT; peg-interferon alpha/IL-28B |
• UF Health P&T Committee • Personalized Medicine Subcommittee |
Preemptive and indication-triggered | • Personalized and Evidence-Based Medicine APPE elective for 4th-year pharmacy students • PGY2 Pharmacogenomics and Drug Information Residency • Cardiovascular Pharmacogenomics Fellowship • Annual Precision Medicine Conference • Pharmacogenomics Certificate |
aTPMT = thiopurine methyltransferase; TG = thioguanine; MP = mercaptopurine; AZA = azathioprine; CBZ = carbamazepine; P&T = Pharmacy and Therapeutics; CIM = Center for Individualized Medicine; PGY2 = postgraduate year 2; APPE = Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience; MTM = medication therapy management; ACPE = Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education; CME = continuing medical education; CPIT = Center for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy.