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. 2019 Apr 3;20(7):1665. doi: 10.3390/ijms20071665

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Selection of miRNAs as putative pharmacodynamic biomarkers reflecting µ-opioid receptor (MOR) stimulation. Circulating microRNA (miRNA) qPCR data were collected from healthy subjects treated either with hydromorphone or oxycodone [22]. The qPCR panel data were processed by using an internal control-based normalization method. Four and sixteen circulating miRNAs were identified as differentially regulated miRNAs commonly regulated by both hydromorphone and oxycodone. The heat map represents hierarchically clustered −ΔCq values measured in six healthy subjects treated with hydromorphone. Four “MOR-UP” (has-miR-423-3p, has-let-7a-5p, miR-26a-5p, and hsa-let-7f-5p) and four “MOR-DOWN” (has-miR-144-3p, has-miR-451a, has-miR-215, and has-miR-363-3p) miRNAs, which showed the clearest changes in expression, were selected and evaluated for their predictive potentials for the analgesic efficacy of hydromorphone in the study of patients with cancer.