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. 2019 Apr 3;20(7):1665. doi: 10.3390/ijms20071665

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Study outline and pain intensities in patients with cancer. (A) Study outline. Cancer patients had received treatment with morphine for at least three consecutive days and were switched to hydromorphone treatment. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score was recorded once daily as a measure of subjective pain intensity. The Baseline VAS score was calculated as an average of the VAS scores from day −3 to day 1 (before the initiation of hydromorphone treatment). ΔVAS score, which represents the change in pain intensities after hydromorphone treatment, was calculated by the subtraction of the values of Baseline VAS from an average of VAS scores between day 2 and day 4 (Treatment VAS). Blood for miRNA analysis was collected from 25 patients before the initiation of hydromorphone treatment (day 1). (B) The time-course profiles of VAS scores for individual patients. The colors represent patient classes, which were determined from the plasma miRNA signature of the patients as presented in Figure 3A.