Table 1.
UMHCN of Asian American Participants and their Characteristics (N = 2344).
| Factors | N | % | UMHCN N |
UMHCN % |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UMHCN (DV) | Yes | 281 | 11.99 | |||
| Reasons for UMHCN by type | Attitudinal | 193 | 68.68 | |||
| Cost | 102 | 36.30 | ||||
| Access | 80 | 28.47 | ||||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 18–24 | 78 | 3.33 | 8 | 10.26 | 0.17 |
| 25–44 | 736 | 31.40 | 98 | 13.32 | ||
| 45–64 | 1127 | 48.08 | 119 | 10.56 | ||
| 65+ | 403 | 17.19 | 56 | 13.90 | ||
| Gender | Male | 1208 | 51.54 | 140 | 11.59 | 0.442 |
| Female | 1076 | 45.90 | 136 | 12.64 | ||
| Missing | 60 | 2.56 | 5 | 8.33 | ||
| Education | <College graduate | 902 | 38.48 | 133 | 14.75 | 0.001 |
| ≥College graduate | 1337 | 57.04 | 136 | 10.17 | ||
| Missing | 105 | 4.48 | 12 | 11.43 | ||
| Income | <$50,000 | 915 | 39.04 | 171 | 18.69 | <0.001 |
| ≥$50,000 | 1301 | 55.50 | 95 | 7.30 | ||
| Missing | 128 | 5.46 | 15 | 11.72 | ||
| Employment status | Employed | 1508 | 64.33 | 149 | 9.88 | <0.001 |
| Unemployed | 815 | 34.77 | 121 | 14.85 | ||
| Missing | 21 | 0.90 | 11 | 52.38 | ||
| Marital status | Married/cohabiting | 1561 | 66.60 | 159 | 10.19 | <0.001 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 324 | 13.82 | 54 | 16.67 | ||
| Never married | 439 | 18.73 | 63 | 14.35 | ||
| Missing | 20 | 0.85 | 5 | 25.00 | ||
| Nativity | US born | 702 | 29.95 | 77 | 10.97 | 0.002 |
| Foreign-born/unreported | 1642 | 70.05 | 204 | 12.42 | ||
| WTC Attack Exposure | ||||||
| WTC Exposure | 0 | 452 | 19.28 | 40 | 8.85 | <0.001 |
| 1–3 | 1507 | 64.29 | 167 | 11.08 | ||
| ≥4 | 385 | 16.42 | 74 | 19.22 | ||
| Mental Health Condition | ||||||
| Post-9/11 mental health diagnosis | No | 2103 | 89.72 | 212 | 10.08 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 241 | 10.28 | 69 | 28.60 | ||
| No. of probable mental disorders (PCL, PHQ-8, GAD-7) | 0 | 1807 | 77.09 | 129 | 7.14 | <0.001 |
| 1 | 243 | 10.37 | 49 | 20.16 | ||
| 2 | 129 | 5.50 | 39 | 30.23 | ||
| 3 | 145 | 6.19 | 60 | 41.38 | ||
| Missing | 20 | 0.85 | 4 | 20.00 | ||
| Functional impairment due to PTSD/depression | Not impaired | 1008 | 43.00 | 45 | 4.46 | <0.001 |
| Some impairment | 1043 | 44.50 | 222 | 21.28 | ||
| Missing | 293 | 12.50 | 14 | 4.78 | ||
| Poor mental health days | <14 | 1874 | 79.95 | 155 | 8.27 | <0.001 |
| ≥14 | 415 | 17.70 | 117 | 28.19 | ||
| Missing | 55 | 2.35 | 9 | 16.36 | ||
| Social Support and Stress | ||||||
| Social support (Cronbach coefficient alpha=0.92) | 0-6 | 504 | 21.50 | 121 | 24.01 | <0.001 |
| 7-11 | 481 | 20.52 | 71 | 14.76 | ||
| 12-15 | 527 | 22.48 | 39 | 7.40 | ||
| 16-20 | 742 | 31.66 | 29 | 3.90 | ||
| Missing | 90 | 3.84 | 21 | 23.33 | ||
| Stressful events in the last 12 months | No | 1793 | 76.49 | 163 | 9.09 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 551 | 23.51 | 118 | 21.42 | ||
| Mental Health Service Use and Health Care Resources | ||||||
| No health insurance at any point within 12 months | No | 2031 | 86.65 | 189 | 9.31 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 227 | 9.68 | 67 | 29.52 | ||
| Missing | 86 | 3.67 | 25 | 29.07 | ||
| Service use in past 12 months | No | 1562 | 66.64 | 158 | 10.12 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 369 | 15.74 | 99 | 26.83 | ||
| Missing | 413 | 17.62 | 24 | 5.81 | ||
UMHCN = unmet mental health care need, DV = dependent variable, WTC = World Trade Center, PCL = PTSD checklist, PHQ-8 = Patient Health Questionnaire, GAD-7 = generalized anxiety disorder, PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder. All p-values were from Chi-square tests using data with missing category excluded.