Table 4.
Demographic, dietary intake and food-related skill variables and their association with low food literacy behaviours. Numerical values denote the odds ratio with 95% confidence interval in brackets followed by the p value.
| Demographic and Dietary Behaviours | Plan & Manage (n = 1249) | Selection (n = 1283) | Preparation (n = 1271) | Composite Identified as Low on at least 1 Factor | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable | Multivariable | Univariable | Multivariable | Univariable | Multivariable | Univariable | Multivariable | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Female | 2 (1.54–2.59) p < 0.0001 |
1.21 (0.92–1.59) p = 0.1674 |
1.98 (1.53–2.56) p < 0.0001 |
1.57 (1.22–2.01) p = 0.0004 |
||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–25 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 26–35 | 3.8 (2.45–5.91) p < 0.0001 |
2.57 (1.4–4.7) p = 0.0023 |
1.71 (1.12–2.62) p = 0.0127 |
2.07 (1.37–3.14) p = 0.0006 |
2.98 (2.01–4.41) p < 0.0001 |
|||
| 36–45 | 1.84 (1.23–2.76) p = 0.0032 |
2.12 (1.22–3.69) p = 0.008 |
1.21 (0.82–1.79) p = 0.3344 |
1.2 (0.82–1.76) p = 0.349 |
1.52 (1.08–2.13) p = 0.0153 |
|||
| 46–55 | 1.5 (1–2.27) p = 0.0527 |
1.44 (0.82–2.54) p=0.2023 |
0.97 (0.65–1.45) p = 0.8879 |
1.29 (0.88–1.89) p = 0.1884 |
1.46 (1.04–2.06) p = 0.0275 |
|||
| 56–65 | 1.88 (1.2–2.95) p=0.0058 |
2.18 (1.2–3.97) p = 0.0106 |
1.23 (0.8–1.9) p = 0.3494 |
1.12 (0.73–1.71) p = 0.6188 |
1.57 (1.07–2.3) p = 0.0197 |
|||
| 66 and over | 1.55 (0.98–2.45) p = 0.0612 |
1.47 (0.8–2.73) p = 0.2158 |
0.82 (0.52–1.3) p = 0.3943 |
1.28 (0.84–1.97) p = 0.2549 |
1.49 (1.01–2.19) p = 0.0437 |
|||
| Education | ||||||||
| Some high school | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Completed high school | 3.2 (2.28–4.49) p < 0.0001 |
2.7 (1.71–4.25) p < 0.0001 |
2.22 (1.57–3.13) p < 0.0001 |
1.64 (1.19–2.27) p = 0.0026 |
2.11 (1.55–2.87) p < 0.0001 |
|||
| Completed TAFE/Certificate/Diploma/Trade | 1.98 (1.43–2.74) p < 0.0001 |
1.84 (1.19–2.83) p = 0.0059 |
1.73 (1.23–2.41) p = 0.0014 |
1.36 (1–1.85) p = 0.0506 |
1.7 (1.28–2.26) p = 0.0003 |
|||
| Completed university degree (undergraduate or higher) | 1.23 (0.9–1.68) p = 0.1946 |
1.35 (0.91–2.02) p = 0.1349 |
1.35 (0.98–1.86) p = 0.0624 |
0.9 (0.67–1.2) p = 0.4724 |
1.2 (0.92–1.56) p = 0.1777 |
|||
| Household Composition | ||||||||
| Single person | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Couple with no children | 0.55 (0.37–0.81) p = 0.0028 |
0.64 (0.44–0.94) p = 0.0223 |
0.56 (0.39–0.82) p = 0.0026 |
0.64 (0.46–0.89) p = 0.009 |
||||
| Single parent with children | 1.27 (0.83–1.92) p = 0.2704 |
1.29 (0.85–1.96) p = 0.2256 |
0.92 (0.61–1.39) p = 0.6894 |
1.35 (0.91–2.01) p = 0.1392 |
||||
| Couple with children | 0.76 (0.55–1.06) p = 0.1061 |
0.64 (0.46–0.89) p = 0.0074 |
0.72 (0.53–0.99) p = 0.0442 |
0.77 (0.57–1.03) p = 0.0738 |
||||
| Other (e.g. shared or supported accommodation, family or extended family) | 1.65 (1.16–2.34) p = 0.0053 |
0.95 (0.67–1.35) p = 0.7683 |
1.08 (0.77–1.53) p = 0.6453 |
1.23 (0.88–1.7) p = 0.2221 |
||||
| Employment | ||||||||
| Full time/self employed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Part time/casual | 1.12 (0.77–1.63) p = 0.5498 |
0.82 (0.55–1.21) p = 0.3199 |
0.98 (0.68–1.4) p = 0.8945 |
0.92 (0.66–1.29) p = 0.64 |
||||
| Unemployed/Unable to work/ disability pension/rehabilitation/ prison | 1.36 (1.02–1.82) p = 0.0353 |
0.98 (0.73–1.31) p = 0.8674 |
1 (0.76–1.33) p = 0.9807 |
1.16 (0.9–1.5) p = 0.2572 |
||||
| Other: Student/maternity leave/ retired/house duties/volunteer | 2.17 (1.65–2.84) p < 0.0001 |
1.4 (1.06–1.84) p = 0.0164 |
1.55 (1.19–2.02) p = 0.0013 |
1.58 (1.24–2.03) p = 0.0003 |
||||
| SEIFA 1 | ||||||||
| High | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Middle | 1.12 (0.85–1.48) p = 0.4119 |
1.11 (0.84–1.46) p = 0.4783 |
0.93 (0.71–1.2) p = 0.5742 |
1.1 (0.86–1.4) p = 0.4606 |
||||
| Low | 1.13 (0.84–1.52) p = 0.4227 |
1 (0.74–1.36) p = 0.9991 |
0.65 (0.49–0.88) p = 0.0044 |
1.01 (0.78–1.32) p = 0.926 |
||||
| Born in Australia 2 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| No | 1.23 (0.98-1.55) p = 0.0702 |
1.41 (1.11–1.78) p = 0.0043 |
1.38 (1.05–1.81) p = 0.0215 |
1.07 (0.86–1.34) p = 0.5448 |
1.2 (0.97–1.47) p = 0.0865 |
|||
| Identify as ATSI 2,3 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| No | 1.26 (0.83–1.91) p = 0.2783 |
1.73 (1.15–2.6) p = 0.008 |
0.7 (0.45–1.09) p = 0.1132 |
1.33 (0.9–1.98) p = 0.1526 |
||||
| Responsibility for shopping | ||||||||
| All | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Some | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) p = 0.8816 |
0.86 (0.63–1.17) p = 0.3268 |
0.85 (0.67–1.08) p = 0.1861 |
0.98 (0.78–1.23) p = 0.8777 |
0.95 (0.77–1.17) p = 0.6254 |
|||
| None | 4.29 (2.84–6.49) p < 0.0001 |
2.57 (1.42–4.65) p = 0.0018 |
1.58 (1.07–2.35) p = 0.0228 |
2.46 (1.67–3.64) p < 0.0001 |
2.48 (1.65–3.72) p < 0.0001 |
|||
| Responsibility for choosing and preparing the household meals | ||||||||
| All | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Some | 1.15 (0.91–1.46) p = 0.2353 |
0.94 (0.74–1.2) p = 0.6275 |
1.17 (0.93–1.47) p = 0.1879 |
0.97 (0.72–1.3) p = 0.8244 |
1.16 (0.94–1.44) p = 0.1611 |
|||
| None | 5.82 (3.69–9.17) p < 0.0001 |
2.49 (1.66–3.74) p < 0.0001 |
4.6 (2.99–7.07) p < 0.0001 |
2.43 (1.32–4.46) p = 0.0042 |
3.74 (2.35–5.93) p < 0.0001 |
|||
| Self-described cooking skills | ||||||||
| Can cook almost anything | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Can cook a wide variety of meals | 1.22 (0.9–1.67) p = 0.2044 |
1.3 (0.88–1.92) p = 0.1938 |
0.91 (0.68–1.21) p = 0.5091 |
0.93 (0.67–1.29) p = 0.6534 |
1.72 (1.23–2.4) p = 0.0016 |
1.81 (1.22–2.68) p = 0.0033 |
1.42 (1.1–1.83) p = 0.0064 |
1.46 (1.08–1.96) p = 0.0143 |
| Can cool a basic meat and 3 vegetables | 3.94 (2.84–5.48) p < 0.0001 |
3.89 (2.56–5.92) p < 0.0001 |
1.51 (1.1–2.07) p = 0.01 |
1.19 (0.82–1.71) p = 0.3634 |
8.46 (5.95–12.04) p < 0.0001 |
8.67 (5.69–13.22) p < 0.0001 |
4.05 (3–5.46) p < 0.0001 |
3.61 (2.52–5.18) p < 0.0001 |
| Can do basic heating of food, use barbeque, boil egg | 11.39 (6.53–19.86) p < 0.0001 |
6.46 (3.2–13.03) p < 0.0001 |
2.81 (1.74–4.54) p < 0.0001 |
2.56 (1.44–4.55) p = 0.0014 |
20.28 (11.31–36.36) p < 0.0001 |
12.91 (6.29–26.49) p < 0.0001 |
9.37 (5.11–17.16) p < 0.0001 |
7.63 (3.61–16.12) p < 0.0001 |
| Can’t cook/Don’t cook | 15.25 (7.03–33.09) p < 0.0001 |
8.34 (2.85–24.35) p = 0.0001 |
2.81 (1.48–5.32) p = 0.0016 |
1.67 (0.73–3.82) p = 0.2219 |
22.06 (10.04–48.48) p < 0.0001 |
14.66 (4.92–43.7) p < 0.0001 |
7.38 (3.47–15.69) p < 0.0001 |
4.29 (1.51–12.14) p = 0.0061 |
| Healthy foods cost more | ||||||||
| Disagree | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Not sure | 2.24 (1.64–3.04) p<0.0001 |
2.43 (1.78–3.32) p < 0.0001 |
1.97 (1.37–2.84) p =0.0003 |
2.97 (2.19–4.02) p < 0.0001 |
2.38 (1.61–3.53) p < 0.0001 |
2.3 (1.73–3.04) p < 0.0001 |
1.61 (1.14–2.28) p = 0.0074 |
|
| Agree | 1.89 (1.46–2.45) p < 0.0001 |
1.74 (1.33–2.28) p < 0.0001 |
1.6 (1.17–2.18) p = 0.003 |
1.99 (1.54–2.57) p < 0.0001 |
1.66 (1.19–2.3) p = 0.0027 |
1.87 (1.49–2.34) p < 0.0001 |
1.53 (1.16–2.02) p = 0.0029 |
|
| How many times a week on average do you eat fast food meals, such as burgers, pizza, chicken or chips from fast food outlets? | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Less than once a week | 1.71 (1.25–2.33) p = 0.0009 |
1.28 (0.87–1.88) p = 0.2054 |
0.95 (0.71–1.27) p = 0.7304 |
1.49 (1.11–2) p = 0.0079 |
1.18 (0.82–1.69) p = 0.3637 |
1.41 (1.09–1.82) p = 0.0081 |
1.08 (0.8–1.47) p = 0.6237 |
|
| Once or twice a week | 3.66 (2.64–5.08) p < 0.0001 |
2.43 (1.62–3.66) p < 0.0001 |
1.43 (1.05–1.94) p = 0.0222 |
2.55 (1.87–3.47) p < 0.0001 |
1.62 (1.11–2.38) p = 0.0132 |
2.99 (2.24–3.99) p < 0.0001 |
1.73 (1.21–2.47) p = 0.0028 |
|
| Three or more times a week | 10.09 (5.78-17.63) p < 0.0001 |
5.7 (2.86–11.35) p < 0.0001 |
2.02 (1.22–3.34) p = 0.0061 |
5.67 (3.37–9.53) p < 0.0001 |
4.45 (2.33–8.52) p < 0.0001 |
5.65 (3.15–10.13) p < 0.0001 |
2.9 (1.43–5.91) p = 0.0033 |
|
| How many times a week on average do you drink regular soft drink (not diet), energy drinks, sports drinks, flavoured mineral water or vitamin water? | ||||||||
| Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Less than once a week | 1.97 (1.46–2.66) p < 0.0001 |
1.64 (1.22–2.21) p = 0.0012 |
1.46 (1.05–2.03) p = 0.0229 |
1.73 (1.3–2.31) p = 0.0002 |
1.7 (1.3–2.21) p = 0.0001 |
1.27 (0.93–1.74) p = 0.1387 |
||
| Once or twice a week | 2.7 (1.94–3.76) p < 0.0001 |
1.82 (1.3–2.55) p = 0.0005 |
1.44 (0.99–2.09) p = 0.0544 |
2.26 (1.64–3.12) p < 0.0001 |
2.78 (2.03–3.83) p < 0.0001 |
1.85 (1.26–2.73) p = 0.0017 |
||
| Three or more times a week | 4.02 (2.88–5.6) p < 0.0001 |
2.95 (2.12–4.09) p < 0.0001 |
2.06 (1.42–2.99) p = 0.0001 |
2.47 (1.79–3.42) p < 0.0001 |
3.26 (2.33–4.54) p < 0.0001 |
1.94 (1.29–2.93) p = 0.0016 |
||
| Self-reported fruit intake | ||||||||
| 0.54 (0.48–0.62) p < 0.0001 |
0.68 (0.57–0.8) p < 0.0001 |
0.68 (0.6–0.78) p < 0.0001 |
0.82 (0.71–0.95) p = 0.0094 |
0.67 (0.59–0.75) p < 0.0001 |
0.83 (0.71–0.97) p = 0.0187 |
0.66 (0.59–0.73) p < 0.0001 |
0.81 (0.71–0.92) p = 0.0017 |
|
| Self-reported vegetable intake | ||||||||
| 0.53 (0.48–0.6) p < 0.0001 |
0.64 (0.56–0.74) p < 0.0001 |
0.71 (0.64–0.78) p < 0.0001 |
0.81 (0.72–0.91) p = 0.0006 |
0.61 (0.55–0.68) p < 0.0001 |
0.72 (0.63–0.83) p < 0.0001 |
0.63 (0.58–0.69) p < 0.0001 |
0.75 (0.67–0.83) p < 0.0001 |
|