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. 2019 Mar 28;20(7):1551. doi: 10.3390/ijms20071551

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanisms of Al tolerance in plants. MATEs, multidrug and toxic compound extrusion for citrate transport; ALMTs, aluminum-activated malate transporters; OsCDT3, a small peptide with rich cysteine; OsSTAR1/OsSTAR2, UDP-glucose transporter; OsEXPA10, an expansin gene; OsNrat1, plasma membrane-localized Al transporter; AtNIP1;2, plasma membrane-localized Al-malate transporter; AtALS3, plasma membrane-localized Al transporter; HmPALT1, plasma membrane-localized Al transporter; OsMGT1, magnesium transporter; OsALS1, tonoplast-localized Al transporter; HmVALT1, tonoplast-localized Al transporter; OsFRDL2/4, citrate transporter; AtMATE1, citrate transporter; AtALMT1, malate transporter; OsASR1/5, ABA-stress and ripening 1/5; OsART1/2, C₂H₂-type zinc finger transcription factor; AtSTOP1, C2H2-type zinc finger transcription factor; OsWRKY22, WRKY transcription factor; AtWRKY46, WRKY transcription factor; SbWRKY1, WRKY transcription factor; SbZNF1, DHHC-type zinc finger transcription factor; SbMATE1, citrate transporter.