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. 2019 Apr 11;24(7):1433. doi: 10.3390/molecules24071433

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Bottom view of the oil sands after oil-washing by surfactants. The oil sands were treated with the surfactant solutions for 24 h at 70 °C and 90 rpm (A,B). RLs (glycerol) refer to the rhamnolipid products from glycerol; RLs (Soybean oil) refer to the rhamnolipid products from soybean oil. RLs (G) means rhamnolipids products from glycerol; RLs (S) means rhamnolipids products from soybean oil.