Table 1.

Different types of seizures and related changes in biomarkers.

Seizure Type	Symptoms and Associated Biomarkers
Tonic	Muscles contractions (Seconds to minutes) associated with body movement and sweating.
Epileptic spasm	Flexion, extension of proximal muscles, and sweating. Occurs in clusters.
Dystonic	Contraction and twisting of agonist and antagonist muscles, and abnormal posture.
Myoclonic	Sudden low amplitude contraction(s) of muscle(s)
Negative myoclonic	Inconsistent tonic muscular activity (<500 ms)
Clonic	High amplitude semi rhythmic muscle movements associated with sweating
Atonic	Sudden loss of muscle tone involving head, trunk, jaw, and limbs
Generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GCTS)	Tonic contractions along with the clonic movement of somatic muscles along with sweating
Focal dyscognitive seizure	Disturbed cognition, perception, emotion, and executing parameters associated with body movement and sweating
Non motor	Ictal phenomenon creating sensory seizures/functions
Autonomic	Variation in the CNS, cardiovascular, pupillary, gastrointestinal, and thermoregulatory functions