Table 3.
Available sensing devices in the market.
| Sensor/Product | Provider | Description | Class | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (i) Mobile EEG and cognitive state software (ii) B-Alert wireless EEG (iii) B-Alert integration (iv) Awake/sleep EEG Analysis Capabilities |
Advanced brain monitoring, Carlsbad, CA, USA | Neuro-diagnostics device to interpret brain and physiological function EEG biomarkers Brain-computer interface |
Minimally Invasive/invasive/wearable/non-wearable/used for detection as well as prediction sensor | [133] |
| Apple Seiz Alarm | Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA | Detects motions resembling to seizure, immediate intimation, monitoring of seizure activities, GPS tracking, and event log tracking. | Non-invasive/wearable/used for detection sensor | [134] |
| (i) Embrace (ii) Embrace 2 |
Developed at M.I.T., MA, USA | Detection of GTCS. Convulsive seizures. Tracks the activity, stress and overall body balance, water-resistant, uses Bluetooth, low energy, and provides USB connectivity for charging | Non-invasive/wearable/used as detections and prediction sensor | [131,135] |
| RNS® System | NeuroPace Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA | Responds to heart rhythms and brain activity | Non-invasive/wearable/used as detection and prediction sensor | [136] |
| Brain Sentinel’s SPEAC® | Brain Sentinel, Inc., Texas, TX, USA | Sensitivity to detect Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizures. Phase III trial the fastest GTC seizure alarm on the market |
Non-invasive/wearable/used as detection sensor | [137] |
| (i) Ictal Care365 (ii) EDDI |
Ictalcare A/S; Brain Sentinel, Inc., Texas, TX, USA | Capture immediately tonic-clonic seizures wireless epilepsy alarm | Non-invasive/wearable/used as detection sensor | [138] |
| SMART: Seizure Monitoring and Response Transducer belt | Team Seize and Assist/RICE, University (RICE, University) Cyberonics Inc. (Houston, TX, USA) funded the projet |
Detects increased electrical skin conductance, changes in respiration rate | Non-invasive/minimally invasive/wearable/used as prediction sensor | [139] |
| Neuroon | Inteliclinic, San Francisco, CA, USA | Measures eye movements, pulse, saturation, and brain waves. | Non-invasive/non-wearable/used for prediction sensor | [140] |
| (i) CentrePoint insight watch (ii) ActiGraph GT9X Link (iii) wGT3X-BT (iv) CentrPoint Data hub (v) ActiLife |
ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL, USA | medical-grade wearable activity and sleep monitoring solutions based on wearable accelerometry monitors and a robust software technology |
Non-invasive/non-wearable/used as detection and prediction sensor | [141] |
| INOpulse® | Bellerophon Therapeutics, Warren, NJ, USA | Clinical-stage biotherapeutics in Phase 2b clinical trial for the detection of Pulmonary Hypertension | Non-invasive/non-wearable/used as prediction sensor | [142] |
| Garmin® Health | Garmin International, Inc., Olathe Kansas, KS, USA | Wearable solutions for clinical trials | Non-invasive/wearable/used as prediction sensor | [143] |
| Smart Shirts | Hexoskin health sensors and AI (Montreal, Canada) | Biometric shirts measuring heart rate, breathing rate, active and sleep mode. | Non-invasive/wearable/used as detection and prediction sensor | [144] |
| (i) Brainpower system (ii) Mirrorable (iii) Kinect/webcam and mood detection solutions (iv) Sdks & APIs |
Affectiva/MIT’s Media Lab, MA, USA | Emotion measurement technology. Facial cues or physiological responses motor skills rehab based on Mirror Neurons research |
Non-invasive/non-wearable/used as detection as well as prediction sensor | [145] |
| (i) Basis Peak™ Watches (ii) Basis Peak™ fitness and sleep tracker |
Basis/Intel/Basis Science, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA | Measuring heart rate, temperature, skin response, and eye movement | Non-invasive/wearable/used for prediction sensor | [146] |
| (i) Vitruvius: Versatile Interface for Trustworthy Vital User (ii) Holst Centre/IMEC Hobo Heeze BV (iii) Video Observation System (VOS) (iv) Emfit: nocturnal tonic-clonic seizure monitor |
The Vitruvius Project, Inc., Oregon, WA, USA | Integrated algorithms, EEG, EKG, accelerometer, low consumption of power, cardio, and video sensors | Non-invasive/non-wearable/used for prediction sensor | [147] |
| Ricola | Living Well With Epilepsy: Jessica, USA | Standard sensor but connected to Smartphone EEG system. | Minimally-invasive/non-wearable/used as prediction sensor | [148] |
| (i) VNS Therapy (ii) 103 emipulse1 (iii) 104 Demipulse Duo1 (iv) 105 AspireHC1 (v) 106 AspireSR |
Cyberonics, Inc., USA | VNS Therapy has the ability to not only prevent seizures before they start but also stop them if they do | Invasive/wearable/used for prediction and prohibit sensor | [149] |
| Vigil Aide | DCT associates Pty Ltd., Australia | Convulsion/epilepsy alarm operated by one of the telecommunication authorities. | Non-invasive/non-wearable/used as detection sensor | [150] |
| Epi-Care free | Danish care, Wexford, Ireland | Tonic-clonic epileptic seizure sensor worn around the wrist like a watch. arm’s movements to the alarm itself, which constantly analyzes the movements of the muscles | Non-invasive/wearable/used as detection and prediction sensor | [151] |
| (i) Zephyr™ (ii) BioModule™ Devices (iii) Zephyr™ Sports Bra (iv) Zephyr™ GPS Units BioHarness and (v) OmniSense software |
Zephyr Technology Corporation/Medtronic, CA, USA | Wearable technology measuring heart rate, breathing rate, HRV, posture, and accelerometer activity, body temperature, caloric burn, blood pressure | Non-invasive/wearable/used as detection and prediction sensor | [152] |
| (i) Cara 3D lite (ii) Vicon Vue (iii) Bonita (iv) Blade motion software (v) Vicon vero |
VICON, California, CA, USA | A camera system, power, precise and fast 3D facial capture solution | Non-invasive/non- wearable/used as detection sensor | [153] |
| (i) Timex watches (ii) IRONMAN1 Easy TrainerTM/M5 (iii) Suunto Quest, Ambit3, H1, H2, H7, FT1, FT2, Ft60, FT80, FT40, FT7 (iv) L42B-1216#3467 (v) Apple Inc. |
(i) Timex (USA) (ii) Polar (USA) (iii) Suunto (Finland) (iv) APPSCOMM (Guangzhou, China C&Q Telecom Equipment Co. Ltd.) (v) FuelBand fitness-tracking bracelet/apple watches (USA) |
Heart rate reading, wrist heart rate measurements, mobile compatibility, GPS, waterproof Smartwatches with calling capability Dual-core smartwatch Apple watches |
Non-invasive/wearable/used as detection and prediction sensor | [154,155,156,157] |
| (i) Intercall (ii) Sensalert (iii) Pressure reducing mattress: Invacare |
Sensorium, UK | Systems and bed management system. Chair monitoring system | Non-invasive/non-wearable/used as detection sensor | [158] |
| (i) SAMi® (ii) Sami2 (iii) Sami 3 |
SAMi/HIPASS DESIGN LLC, CO, USA | Sleep activity monitor using video and audio support remote infrared video camera is sent to an app that runs on an iOS device such as an iPhone or iPod Touch | Non-invasive/non- wearable/used as detection sensor | [159] |
| Tracking sports gear | Nike & Athos and OMsignal (USA) |
Smart shirt design for fitness tracking by measuring heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, and hydration level | Non-invasive/wearable/used as detection and prediction sensor | [160] |