Table 5.

Factors associated with microscopic or sub-microscopic parasitaemia during pregnancy following initiation of IPTp

Variable	Categories	Parasitaemiaa n (%)	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
			RR (95% CI)	p-value	aRRb (95% CI)	p-value
Wealth index categories	Least poor	395 (35.7)	Reference	–	Reference	–
	Middle	539 (46.8)	1.28 (1.10–1.49)	0.001	1.25 (1.12–1.41)	< 0.001
	Poorest	534 (46.3)	1.28 (1.10–1.49)	0.001	1.24 (1.10–1.39)	< 0.001
Type of house constructionc	Modern	285 (36.9)	Reference	–	Reference	–
	Traditional	1183 (44.8)	1.23 (1.06–1.44)	0.007	1.14 (1.01–1.28)	0.03
Whether airbricks were present	Present	345 (36.6)	Reference	–	Reference	–
	Not present	1123 (45.5)	1.26 (1.10–1.45)	0.001	1.16 (1.00–1.35)	0.05
Number of windows present	≥ 2 windows	274 (41.3)	Reference	–	Reference	–
	1 window	885 (43.9)	1.08 (0.93–1.26)	0.32	0.99 (0.88–1.11)	0.85
	No windows	309 (42.3)	1.04 (0.87–1.25)	0.64	1.00 (0.87–1.14)	0.98
Level of education	O level or beyond	301 (36.6)	Reference	–	Reference	–
	None or primary	1167 (45.1)	1.23 (1.06–1.43)	0.006	1.19 (1.06–1.34)	0.002
Categories of gravidity	Multigravida	705 (39.1)	Reference	–	Reference	–
	Secundigravida	337 (41.0)	1.05 (0.90–1.21)	0.55	1.17 (1.05–1.31)	0.006
	Primigravida	426 (54.1)	1.38 (1.22–1.57)	< 0.001	1.32 (1.20–1.45)	< 0.001
IPTp regimen	Monthly DP	367 (21.1)	Reference	–	Reference	–
	Monthly SP	1101 (65.9)	3.11 (2.81–3.45)	< 0.001	3.13 (2.84–3.46)	< 0.001

RR risk ratio

^aMeasured at the time of routine visits done every 4 weeks during pregnancy (n = 3412)

^bAdjusted for wealth index, type of house construction, level of education, categories of gravidity and IPTp regimen

^cModern houses defined as those with plaster or cement walls, metal or wooden roof, and closed eaves; all other houses defined as traditional