Table 6.
Factors associated with placental malaria
| Variable | Categories | Placental malaria, n (%) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | p-value | aRRa (95% CI) | p-value | |||
| Wealth index categories | Least poor | 83 (39.5) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Middle | 99 (44.8) | 1.13 (0.91–1.42) | 0.27 | 1.02 (0.84–1.24) | 0.83 | |
| Poorest | 109 (49.1) | 1.24 (1.00–1.54) | 0.05 | 1.14 (0.94–1.38) | 0.18 | |
| Type of house constructionb | Modern | 53 (35.8) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Traditional | 238 (47.1) | 1.32 (1.04–1.66) | 0.02 | 1.19 (0.96–1.48) | 0.10 | |
| Whether airbricks were present | Present | 64 (35.6) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Not present | 227 (48.0) | 1.35 (1.09–1.68) | 0.007 | 1.06 (0.81–1.39) | 0.67 | |
| Number of windows present | ≥ 2 windows | 53 (40.2) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 1 window | 172 (45.1) | 1.12 (0.89–1.42) | 0.33 | 0.99 (0.80–1.22) | 0.93 | |
| No windows | 66 (47.1) | 1.17 (0.89–1.54) | 0.25 | 1.04 (0.81–1.33) | 0.76 | |
| Level of education | O level or beyond | 65 (41.9) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| None or primary | 226 (45.4) | 1.08 (0.88–1.33) | 0.46 | 1.16 (0.95–1.41) | 0.14 | |
| Categories of gravidity | Multigravida | 94 (27.3) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Secundigravida | 72 (47.1) | 1.72 (1.35–2.19) | < 0.001 | 1.85 (1.48–2.31) | < 0.001 | |
| Primigravida | 125 (80.1) | 2.93 (2.43–3.54) | < 0.001 | 2.87 (2.39–3.45) | < 0.001 | |
| IPTp regimen | Monthly DP | 94 (28.4) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Monthly SP | 197 (61.2) | 2.15 (1.78–2.61) | < 0.001 | 2.13 (1.79–2.53) | < 0.001 | |
RR risk ratio
aAdjusted for wealth index, type of house construction, level of education, categories of gravidity and IPTp regimen
bModern houses defined as those with plaster or cement walls, metal or wooden roof, and closed eaves; all other houses defined as traditional