Table 3.

Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for problem drinking compared with non-to-moderate drinking

	Model 1a	Model 1b	Model 2	Model 3
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Educational attainment
University or higher	1.00		1.00	1.00
College	1.47 (0.92–2.36)		1.52 (0.93–2.46)	1.47 (0.90–2.39)
High school or lower	2.13 (1.41–3.22)		2.17 (1.41–3.32)	2.06 (1.34–3.16)
Equivalent income
3rd tertile (highest)		1.00	1.00	1.00
2nd tertile		1.32 (0.84–2.06)	1.11 (0.70–1.77)	1.06 (0.67–1.70)
1st tertile (lowest)		1.04 (0.66–1.63)	0.86 (0.54–1.40)	0.80 (0.50–1.30)
Covariates
Age	1.06 (1.03–1.09)	1.06 (1.03–1.09)	1.05 (1.02–1.08)	1.05 (1.02–1.08)
Marital status
Married/common-law			1.00	1.00
Others			0.72 (0.45–1.14)	0.63 (0.40–1.01)
Working status
Working			1.00	1.00
Not working			0.75 (0.28–1.98)	0.54 (0.20–1.46)
Self-rated health
Good				1.00
Poor				1.65 (0.98–2.76)
Psychological distress
No				1.00
Yes				1.95 (1.33–2.86)

Non-to-moderate drinking: < 46 g/day of ethanol intake; Problem drinking: ≥46 g/day of ethanol intake and CAGE score of 2–4

Model 1a, 1b: adjusted for age

Model 2: model 1 + adjusted for marital status, working status, and equivalent income/educational attainment

Model 3: model 2 + adjusted for self-rated health and psychological distress