Table 4.
The number of modeling studies compared to the WHO and CDC lists of important AMR threats.
| Pathogen | WHO category | CDC category | AMR models | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant | C1 | C1 | 1 | [156] |
| Enterobacteriaceae, ESBL-producing | C1 | C2 | 3 | [141, 157, 158] |
| Acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenem- or multidrug-resistant | C1 | C2 | 4 | [158–161] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-or multidrug-resistant | C1 | C2 | 2 | [139, 158] |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae, cephalosporin- or fluoroquinolone-resistant | C2 | C1 | 6 | [162–167] |
| Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant | C2 | C2 | 65 | [22, 31–38, 151, 158, 168–221] |
| Enterococcus faecium, vancomycin-resistant | C2 | C2 | 10 | [158, 202, 222–229] |
| Campylobacter spp., fluoroquinolone-resistant | C2 | C2 | 2 | [229, 230] |
| Salmonellae, (Typhi and non-typhoidal), fluoroquinolone-resistant | C2 | C2 | 2 | [231, 232] |
| Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-intermediate and resistant | C2 | C3 | – | – |
| Helicobacter pylori | C2 | – | – | – |
| Haemophilus influenzae, ampicillin-resistant | C3 | – | – | – |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin-non-susceptible | C3 | C2 | 12 | [37, 233–240] |
| Shigella spp., fluoroquinolone-resistant | C3 | C2 | 1 | [241] |
| Clostridium difficile | – | C1 | – | – |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MDR, XDR | – | C2 | 43 | [19, 20, 30, 39–54, 242–265] |
| Fluconazole-resistant Candida | – | C2 | – | – |
| Streptococcus agalactiae, clindamycin-resistant group B MDR, XDR | – | C3 | – | – |
| Streptococcus pyogenes, erythromycin-resistant group A MDR, XDR | – | C3 | – | – |
The pathogens that pose the greatest threat to human health according to the WHO and the top drug-resistant threats in the USA according to the CDC. Category 1 (C1) threats are described as “Critical” (WHO) or “Urgent” (CDC); category 2 (C2) as “High” (WHO) or “Serious” (CDC); and category 3 (C3) as “Medium” (WHO) or “Concerning” (CDC).