Figure 5.

Effects of ACSL-5 overexpression on mitochondrial superoxide production (A–D) and MnSOD protein levels (E). Representative histograms of flow cytometry experiments were presented demonstrating mean fluorescence intensity (GFP-control: 38.1, ACSL-5 + GFP overexpression treatment: 50.1) of oxidized MitoSOX Red mitochondrial superoxide (O₂⁻) indicator from control group (only GFP transfected cells) (A), ACSL-5 + GFP transfected group (B), and overlay with control and ACSL-5 overexpressed group (C). Relative superoxide production was significantly increased in ACSL-5 overexpressed group compared with the control (D). Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 5). * p < 0.05 versus control. The protein levels of MnSOD (anti-oxidant enzyme) were dramatically increased by ACSL-5 overexpression (open bar, control cells; closed bar, ACSL-5 transfected cells) (E). Western blots and mean (±SEM) data (n = 6) normalized to GAPDH in the absence or presence of insulin treatment were presented. ^a p < 0.05 versus non-insulin-treated control; ^b p < 0.05 versus insulin-treated control (CON).