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. 2018 Dec 27;8(1):2. doi: 10.3390/ht8010002

Figure 1.

Figure 1

1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) type 2 diabetic urinary profile acquired on a 60 MHz benchtop instrument, highlighting a clearly distinguishable β-Glucose-C1-H resonance (d, ∂ = 4.65 ppm), in addition to the α-Glucose-C1-H one located at ∂ = 5.25 ppm (d), and all further bulk glucose ring structure protons within the 3.19–3.95 ppm chemical shift range for both anomers. Moreover, resonances arsing from a range of further metabolites such as hippurate-CH, indoxyl sulphate-CH, urea-NH2, Cn-CH3/-CH2, creatine-CH3/-CH2, citrate-CH2 (A/B coupling pattern), glutamine-CH2, acetoin-CH3, acetate-CH3, lactate-CH3, N-acetyl storage compound-NHCOCH3, alanine-CH3, isoleucine-CH3 and leucine-CH3 are also visible in this spectrum. Chemical shifts were referenced to internal tetra-deuterated trimethylsilylpropanoate (TSP) (∂ = 0.00 ppm). Abbreviations: 3-d-HB, 3-d-hydroxybutyrate-CH3.