Table 2.
Predictors of a clinically relevant CAD identified using logistical regression analysis
| Univariate predictors | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Age (per 10 years) | 1.39 (1.02–1.91) | 0.04 | 0.99 (0.96–1.04) | 0.99 |
| Male sex | 1.85 (1.08–3.16) | 0.02 | 2.09 (1.07–4.08) | 0.03 |
| BMI (per 5 kg/m2) | 0.77 (0.62–0.96) | 0.02 | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 0.054 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio (per unit increase) | 1.13 (0.80–1.59) | 0.49 | ||
| Ethnicity | 0.03 | 0.002 | ||
| South Asian | 1 | 1 | ||
| Caucasian | 0.51 (0.28–0.93) | 0.43 (0.21–0.89) | ||
| African | 0.35 (0.15–0.83) | 0.18 (0.06–0.51) | ||
| Duration of T2DM (per 5 years) | 1.38 (1.15–1.63) | < 0.001 | 1.59 (1.27–1.98) | < 0.001 |
| Microvascular disease (Yes/no) | 1.87 (1.10–3.16) | 0.02 | 0.71 (0.33–1.5) | 0.36 |
| Retinopathy (Yes/no) | 1.62 (0.95– 2.76) | 0.08 | ||
| Hyperlipidaemia (Yes/no) | 1.26 (0.66– 2.39) | 0.49 | ||
| Hypertension (Yes/no) | 3.63 (1.81–7.29) | < 0.001 | 0.68 (0.28–1.64) | 0.39 |
| Current smoker (Yes/no) | 1.12 (0.43– 2.91) | 0.80 | ||
| Statin use (Yes/no) | 1.06 (0.59– 1.91) | 0.84 | ||
| Family history of premature ischaemic heart disease (Yes/no) | 0.89 (0.46– 1.75) | 0.74 | ||
| SBP (per 10 mm Hg) | 1.43 (1.19–1.72) | < 0.001 | 1.37 (1.09–1.72) | 0.007 |
| HbA1c (per 10 mmol/mol) | 1.10 (0.94–1.27) | 0.24 | ||
| eGFR (per 10 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 0.89 (0.77– 1.03) | 0.12 | ||
| CAC score (per log10 AU) | 3.79 (2.60–5.53) | < 0.001 | ||
| Total cholesterol (per mmol/L) | 1.21 (0.92– 1.60) | 0.18 | ||
| LDL-C (per mmol/L) | 1.27 (0.94– 1.70) | 0.12 | ||
| HDL-C (per mmol/L) | 0.40 (0.19–0.83) | 0.01 | 0.95 (0.29–3.13) | 0.93 |
| Triglycerides (per mmol/L) | 1.15 (0.90– 1.48) | 0.27 | ||
| Total cholesterol:HDL-C ratio (per unit) | 1.41 (1.12–1.77) | 0.003 | 1.84 (1.37–2.46) | < 0.001 |
| Antidiabetic medication (Yes/no) | ||||
| Metformin | 1.24 (0.54– 2.86) | 0.61 | 9.93 (1.91–51.62) | 0.006 |
| Sulphonylurea | 0.83 (0.48–1.44) | 0.51 | ||
| Thiazolidinedione | 5.7 (1.28–25.42) | 0.02 | ||
| GLP-1 agonist | 1.42 (0.66–3.07) | 0.37 | ||
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 1.49 (0.76–2.93) | 0.25 | ||
| Insulin | 1.16 (0.69–1.96) | 0.58 | ||
| ACEis/ARBs (Yes/no) | 0.53 (0.30–0.91) | 0.02 | 1.80 (0.93–3.50) | 0.08 |
CAD is defined as ≥ 1 coronary plaque causing > 50% luminal diameter stenosis
Italics indicate a statistically significant association between the predictor variable and clinically relevant CAD
ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; AU, Agatston Units; BMI, body mass index; CAC, coronary artery calcium; CAD, coronary artery disease; CI, confidence interval; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OR, odds ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus