Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants according to HbA1c level
| Men (n = 866) | Women (n = 815) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c level | p a | HbA1c level | p a | |||||||
| < 5.6% | 5.6 to < 6.0% | 6.0 to < 6.5% | ≥ 6.5% | < 5.6% | 5.6 to < 6.0% | 6.0 to < 6.5% | ≥ 6.5% | |||
| n = 549 | n = 214 | n = 67 | n = 36 | n = 571 | n = 175 | n = 44 | n = 25 | |||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 57.2 (10.6) | 59.8 (10.4) | 60.3 (10.1) | 61.4 (9.5) | < .01 | 55.6 (10.1) | 59.9 (9.7) | 65.9 (7.7) | 61.9 (10.4) | < .01 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 22.9 (2.6) | 23.2 (2.7) | 23.1 (3.1) | 23.8 (3.2) | .20 | 22.4 (2.8) | 23.6 (3.3) | 23.7 (3.4) | 27.4 (4.4) | < .01 |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 5.3 (0.2) | 5.8 (0.1) | 6.2 (0.1) | 7.3 (0.8) | < .01 | 5.3 (0.2) | 5.8 (0.1) | 6.2 (0.1) | 7.3 (0.9) | < .01 |
| Information processing speed, mean (SD) | 54.5 (14.9) | 50.1 (13.7) | 49.6 (12.8) | 47.2 (13.2) | < .01 | 56.7 (15.5) | 51.7 (14.8) | 43.6 (12.6) | 48.2 (12.2) | < .01 |
| Ethanol intake (ml/day), mean (SD) | 15.6 (17.6) | 17.5 (21.2) | 21.5 (21.6) | 22.5 (23.2) | .02 | 3.2 (6.6) | 2.0 (4.1) | 4.0 (5.5) | 1.5 (2.6) | .04 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 172 (31.3) | 103 (48.1) | 26 (38.1) | 16 (44.4) | < .01 | 42 (7.4) | 12 (6.9) | 5 (11.4) | 0 (0.0) | .40 |
| Education, ≤ 12 years, n (%) | 362 (65.8) | 157 (73.4) | 51 (76.1) | 26 (72.2) | .03 | 408 (71.5) | 134 (76.6) | 41 (93.2) | 23 (92.0) | < .01 |
| Family income, < 5,500,000 yen/year, n (%) | 184 (33.5) | 86 (40.2) | 24 (35.8) | 16 (44.4) | .24 | 221 (38.7) | 87 (49.7) | 27 (61.4) | 10 (40.0) | < .01 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 17 (3.1) | 10 (4.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.8) | .26 | 4 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | .70 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 115 (21.0) | 60 (28.0) | 11 (16.4) | 9 (25.0) | .11 | 110 (19.3) | 48 (27.4) | 14 (31.8) | 8 (32.0) | .02 |
| Heart disease, n (%) | 62 (11.3) | 27 (12.6) | 11 (16.4) | 5 (13.8) | .64 | 46 (8.1) | 13 (7.4) | 8 (18.2) | 2 (8.0) | .14 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 65 (11.8) | 37 (17.3) | 8 (11.9) | 5 (16.7) | .22 | 85 (14.9) | 40 (22.9) | 15 (34.1) | 10 (40.0) | < .01 |
HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, SD standard deviation
aChi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test (n < 5) for categorical variables and one-way analysis for variance for continuous variables