Table 4.
Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell-derived growth factors, their target cells and effects
| Growth factor | Target | Effect | Reference |
| FGF-2 | ASM | Proliferation↑ | [38,39] |
| ECM | Collagenase↑ | ||
| Fibroblast | Proliferation↑ | ||
| PDGF | ASM | Proliferation↑, IL-6 secretion↑ | [38,47,48,72] |
| Fibroblast | Recruitment and proliferation↑ | ||
| Epithelial cell | Proliferation↑ | ||
| IGF-2 | Fibroblast | Collagen↑ | [38,49] |
| ASM | Proliferation↑ | ||
| TGF-β1 | ASM | Proliferation, hypertrophy↑ | [21,38,43,44,48] |
| IL-11, IL-6, LIF secretion↑ | |||
| β-Adrenergic receptor expression↓ | |||
| Monocyte | Recruitment, NO production↓ | ||
| Neutrophil | Recruitment | ||
| Fibroblast | Recruitment, proliferation, collagen↑, fibronectin↑ | ||
| T cells | Recruitment | ||
| Endothelial cell | E-Selectin↓ | ||
| Eosinophil | Survival↓, degranulation↓ | ||
| VEGF | Endothelial cell | Proliferation↑, migration, tube formation | [50] |
↑, Increase; ↓, decrease; ECM, extracellular matrix; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor-2; IGF-2, insulin-like growth factor-2; IL, interleukin; LIF, leukaemia inhibitory factor; NO, nitric oxide; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β ; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.