Fig. 5.

Molluscicidal effect of 4% TDS by spraying in the field. a, Mortalities of Oncomelania hupensis post-exposure by ground spraying of 4% TDS in the field. b–e Comparison of Oncomelania hupensis mortalities (individual and pooled results) between TDS (5 g/m²) and WPN (2 g/m²) 1 (b), 3 (c), 7 (d) and 15 d (e) post-spraying in the field, studies performed 2011 to 2013. There is no significant difference in the pooled effects between TDS and WPN at 7 d (d) and 15 d (e) post-spraying, of which the relative risk values (TDS/WPN) for snail mortality are 0.968 (95% CI: 0.917–1.021) at 7 d and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.952–1.030) at 15 d, respectively