Table 4.
Model 1—determinants of early ANC among all births (n = 7136)
| Unadjusted |
Adjustedb |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ORa [95% CI] | Wald test (P-value) | aORa [95% CI] | Wald test (P-value) | |
| Intervention group | ||||
| Comparison county | Reference | Reference | ||
| Voucher county | 1.21 [1.02, 1.42] | 0.025 | 1.21 [0.95, 1.54] | 0.126 |
| Period | ||||
| Period 2 (base = Period 1) | 1.13 [0.99, 1.29] | 0.079 | 1.23 [0.51, 2.97] | 0.641 |
| Period 3 (base = Period 2) | 1.52 [1.27, 1.82] | <0.001 | 1.08 [0.61, 1.91] | 0.775 |
| Interaction terms | ||||
| Period 2 × Voucher county | 1.14 [0.87, 1.50] | 0.345 | 1.12 [0.85, 1.49] | 0.408 |
| Period 3 × Voucher county | 1.35 [0.95, 1.92] | 0.097 | 1.35 [0.95, 1.93] | 0.097 |
| Maternal age at birth | ||||
| <25 years | Reference | Reference | ||
| 25–34 years | 0.83 [0.73, 0.95] | 0.008 | 0.96 [0.82, 1.14] | 0.656 |
| ≥35 years | 0.55 [0.44, 0.67] | <0.001 | 0.75 [0.56, 1.00] | 0.051 |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| No education and incomplete primary | Reference | Reference | ||
| Completed primary and incomplete secondary | 0.99 [0.86, 1.15] | 0.939 | 0.86 [0.74, 1.00] | 0.057 |
| Completed secondary/higher | 1.40 [1.15, 1.71] | 0.001 | 0.99 [0.80, 1.24] | 0.958 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Poorest | Reference | Reference | ||
| Poorer | 0.97 [0.82, 1.15] | 0.761 | 0.95 [0.79, 1.14] | 0.573 |
| Middle | 1.02 [0.82, 1.27] | 0.848 | 0.96 [0.76, 1.21] | 0.724 |
| Less poor | 1.26 [1.01, 1.56] | 0.039 | 1.18 [0.94, 1.48] | 0.150 |
| Least poor | 1.46 [1.15, 1.85] | 0.002 | 1.31 [1.03, 1.67] | 0.026 |
| Area of residence | ||||
| Rural | Reference | Reference | ||
| Urban | 0.90 [0.73, 1.12] | 0.337 | 0.78 [0.62, 0.98] | 0.030 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Unmarried | Reference | Reference | ||
| Currently married | 1.09 [0.92, 1.28] | 0.327 | 1.22 [1.02, 1.45] | 0.027 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Unemployed | Reference | Reference | ||
| Informally employed | 0.90 [0.78, 1.04] | 0.150 | 1.04 [0.90, 1.20] | 0.624 |
| Formally employed | 0.96 [0.80, 1.16] | 0.685 | 1.11 [0.93, 1.32] | 0.259 |
| Parity | ||||
| 1 child | Reference | Reference | ||
| 2–3 children | 0.72 [0.62, 0.84] | <0.001 | 0.75 [0.62, 0.89] | 0.002 |
| ≥4 children | 0.48 [0.40, 0.59] | <0.001 | 0.56 [0.43, 0.73] | <0.001 |
| Insurance coverage | ||||
| Uninsured | Reference | Reference | ||
| Insured | 1.47 [1.22, 1.79] | <0.001 | 1.29 [1.06, 1.58] | 0.012 |
a
Reported odds ratios (OR) compare the odds of receiving early ANC (first ANC visit in the first trimester of pregnancy) vs receiving no or delayed ANC.
b
Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) is adjusted for child’s year of birth and all other variables reported in the table.