Table 2.
Shows different epidemiologic studies.
| References | Study | Type of study | N participants | Scales | Age (mean/SD) years | Disease duration (mean/SD) years | Motor scores (mean/SD) | Levodopa or Levodopa equivalent LEED Dopamine agonist L-dopa dose equivalent DA-LEDD | Results | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name of the study | Geographic Distribution | PD | Controls | Motor | ICDs | Others | PD ICDs |
PD non ICDs |
PD ICDs | PD non ICDs | PD ICDs | PD non ICDs | |||||
| Driver- Dunckley et al. (37) |
Initial | United States | Retrospective database | 1,884 | N/A | H&Y, UPDRS | N/A | 57.2 (30-72) |
N/A | 11.6 (4–22) |
N/A | mean H&Y stage 2.5 | N/A | Mean dose LEDD 883.4 mg/day | Pramipexole 4.3 mg/day Pergolide 4.5 mg/day | PG can occur as the PD progresses, appears with an increase in DA therapy and resolves reduction | |
| Maia et al. (38) | N/A | Brazil | Case/control study | 100 | 100 | UPDRS mHYS | Y-BOCS, | SEADLS | 62.2 ± 11.9 Total PD | N/A | N/A | Total UPDRS mean 40.28 ± 20.6 | N/A | OCD are NOT MORE frequent in PD patients | |||
| Weintraub et al. (29) | DOMINION Study | United States and Canada | Cross-sectional, multicenter | 3,090 | N/A | H&Y | Massachusetts Gambling Screen, MIDI | 60.2 (8.1) | 64.4 (7.8) |
7.1 (3.8–10.8) | 6.5 (3.7–10.6) | 2.0 (2.0–2.5) H&Y |
2.0 (2.0–2.5) H6Y | Pramipéxole 3.1 mg (SD, 1.7 mg) and LEDDs 306.9 mg (SD, 168.2 mg) Ropirinole 11.1 mg (SD, 6.6 mg) and LEDDs 277.9 mg (SD, 164.9 mg) Pergolide 2.9 mg (SD, 1.7 mg) and LEDDs 286.6 mg (SD, 169.3 mg) | DA treatment in PD is associated with 2- to 3.5-fold increased odds of having an ICD | ||
| Joutsa et al. (59) | Finland | Cross-sectional. | 575 | N/A | South Oaks Gambling Screen, QUIP, | BDI. | 64 (range 43–90) total PD | 6 (< 1–29) years Total PD | N/A | N/A | Total L-Dopa was 561 (26–3,230) mg DA LEDD was 160 (105–210) mg | There is a high proportion of patients with PD with ICDS. Prevalence of PG in PD is 7 times higher than general population. Depression associated with all ICDS. | |||||
| Sarathchandran et al. (39) | India | Case/control study | 305 | 234 | H&Y UPDRS | MIDI, DSM IV, BIS, BDI | Eysenck personality inventory; Anxiety and Depression Scale, PDQ-39 | 54.6 ± 9.9 | 59.6 ± 9.8 | 8.2 ± 4.9 | 7.3 ±4.8 | H&Y ON 2.0 ± 0.5 UPDRS-III ON 18.7 ± 9.2 | H&Y in ON 1.9 ± 0.5 UPDRS-III ON 18.5 ± 8.8 | PD without ICD LEDD: 448 ± 280 mg; L-Dopa:326.2 ± 31.9 mg PD with ICD LEDD: 590 ± 364.8 mg; L-Dopa: 373.4 ± 68.5 mg |
Revealed a relatively higher frequency of ICD-RBs | ||
| Rodríguez-Violante et al. (40) | Mexico. | Case/control study | 300 | 150 | MDS-UPDRS H&Y | QUIP-RS | 58 ± 14.1 | 63 ± 12.5 | N/A | N/A | MDS- UPDRS part III 31 ± 15.9; H&Y: 2.2 ± 0.6 |
MDS-UPDRS part III 32.8 ± 17; H&Y 2.3 ± 0.8 | PD with ICD group LEDD 638 ± 448.5 mg; DA-LEDD: 147.4 ± 123.3 mg PD without ICD LEDD: 561.3 ± 417.4 mg; DA-LEDD: 97.1 ± 124.9 mg | ICD significantly more frequent in PD than controls subjects. lower overall frequency and distinct pattern of ICDs related with socioeconomic differences | |||
| Ramírez Gómez et al. (5) | Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador | Multicenter. Structured Clinical Interview. cross-sectional | 255 | N/A | UPDRS; H&Y | QUIP, QUIP-RS; CISI-PD | 58.6 (SD, 11.11) | N/A | 4 | 10 | Mean UPDRS 10 |
Mean UPDRS 33 | N/A | ICD in Latin American PD > Anglosaxon population | |||
| Rizos et al. (41) | UK, Spain, Denmark and Romania | Multicenter Retrospective and prospective survey based on medical records and clinical interviews. | 425 | N/A | H&Y | NMS Questionnaire | 62.7 (42–85) |
7.0 (0–24) | N/A | H&Y: 3.0 (1.0–5.0) | N/A | N/A | Relatively low rate of ICDs with long-acting or transdermal DAs. | ||||
| Vela et al. (17) | Spain | Multicenter study, Cross-sectional, case/control study | 87 | 87 | UPDRS; H&Y | QUIP | BID, EuroQol, PDQ-39 | 48 (44–52) | 46 (42–52) | 7 (3–11) | 3 (1–10) | Mean UPDRS III: 16 (10–22); H&Y:2 (2–2) |
Mean UPDRS III 17 (11–24); H&Y 2 (1–2) |
LEDD 300 (0–600) mg DA LEDD 210 (99–300) mg | ICBs are much more prevalent in early onset PD patients vs. health controls Associated with DA intake, depression and a worse QoL | ||
| Erga et al. (20) | Norwegian ParkWest Study | Norway | Multicenter Cross-sectional study, Semistructured Clinical interviews, cases and controls | 125 | 159 | UPDRS; H&Y | QUIP | MMSE, Stroop test, Semantic verbal fluency test, CLVT-II, VOSP, NPI, MADRS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (PDSS-2 | 67.9 (7.7) | 71.4 (9.8) | 7.4 (1.6) | 7.4 (1.9) | H&Y: 2.2 (0.5); Mean UPDRS III: 23.8 (10.5) |
UPDRS motor score 22.7 (10.6). H&Y: 2.2 (0.6) | PD without ICD LEDD: 408.7 ± 266.7 mg; DA LEDD:289.5 ± 150.0 PD with ICD LEDD: 505.2 ± 279.1; DA LEDD: 293.7 ± 132.4 | Patients with PD treated with DA, have increased odds of having ICBs compared with age- and gender-matched controls. | |
| Biundo et al. (42) | ALTHEA study | Italy | Multicenter | 251 | N/A | H&Y, UPDRS; UDysRS | QUIP-RS; BDI | MoCA;BDI-II | ICD-RBs below cut-off 66.5 6 10.2 ICD-RBs above cut-off 63.5 6 9.9 | 67.2 ± 9.4 | ICD-RBs below cut-off 52.7 ± 61.1 (months); ICD-RBs above cut-off 148.0 ± 64.5 (months) |
140.2 ± 68.21 (months) | ICD-RBs below cut-off UPDRS III: 11.9 ± 7.1 ICD-RBs above cut-off UPDRS III: 12.2 ± 7.4 | UPDRS III: 11.8 (6.9) | No ICD-RBs LEDD 971.0 6 ± 401.1 mg; DA-LEDD 147.0 6 ± 162.7 mg ICD-RBs above cut-off LEDD 1,016.4 6 ± 418.3 mg; DA-LEDD 133.1 ± 129.0 mg | >50% of PD patients with dyskinesia have ICDs and RBDs. Severity is associated with Dopaminergic therapy total dose | |
| Zhang et al. (4) |
China | Xin Hua Hospital | 142 | H&Y, UPDRS, the scale for freezing of gait |
QUIP. | MMSE, NMS, RBDQ-HK, HAMA, HAMD, PDQ- 39 | 65.55 ± 7.43 | 69.67 ± 8.16 |
7.76 ± 5.90 |
5.22 ± 5.23 |
Mean UPDRS: 20.18 ± 11.56; H&Y: 2.32 ± 0.99 | Mean UPDRS: 18.93 ± 12.82; H&Y: 2.21 ± 0.77 | Total LEDD, mg PD without ICD:329.82 ± 340.65 mg PD with ICD: 522.06 ± 412.46 mg | ICD and RBD commonly found in Chinese PD patients. Independent factors associated with ICRDs: Earlier onset, dose of DA, severe cognitive impairment; dyskinesia. | |||
| Antonini et al. (19) | ICARUS Study | Italy | Prospective, non-interventional, multicenter | 1,069 DA alone L-Dopa alone L-Dopa + DA | H&Y, UPDRS | mMIDI; QUIP | NMSS, PDSS-2, PD-CRS, PDQ-8, BDI-II, FAB and three items of NPI-3: delusions, hallucinations and apathy/ indifference. |
63.6 ± 9.5 | 66.6 ± 9.3 | 6.9 ± 5.19 | 5.8 ± 4.92 |
H&Y: 2.0 ± 0.70; Mean UPDRS III: 14.1 ± 5.89 | H&Y:2.0 ± 0.63; Mean UPDRS III: 14.2 ± 7.09 | N/A | Prevalence of ICD was relatively stable throughout the 2-years follow-up. No differences between patients receiving DAs and those on L-Dopa. No differences between PD with or without ICD in motor symptoms severity and cognitive function. | ||
| Corvol et al. (33) |
DIGPD | France | Multicenter, face to face semistructured interviews. | 411 | N/A | MDS-UPDRS (parts I–IV) H&Y | MDS-UPDRS part I | Mini-Mental State | 58.5 (8.9) at Baseline | 63.3 (9.8) at Baseline | 3.1 (1.4) at Baseline | 2.5 (1.5) at Baseline | Mean UPDRS III: 18.8 (9.4) | Mean UPDRS III: 20.5 (10.5) | Baseline NO ICD LEDD 235.7 ± 181.1; DA-LEDD: 145.0 ± 99.1 ICD LEDD:263.4 ± 230.7; DA-LEDD: 211.1 ± 118.0 | 5-years cumulative incidence of ICDs ≈46%. ICDs: strongly associated with DA use and dose-effect. | |
Anxiety and Depression Scale; BDI-II, Beck Depressive Inventory; CISI-PD, Clinical Impression of Severity Index for Parkinson's Disease; CLVT-II, California Verbal Learning Test II; Epworth Sleepiness Scale; Eysenck personality inventory. FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery; H&Y, Hoehn & Yahr stage; HAMA, Hamilton Anxiety Scale; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Scale; MADRS, Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale; Massachusetts Gambling Screen; MDS-UPDRS; mH&Y, modified Hoehn & Yahr stage; mMIDI, modified versión of the Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NMSS, Non-Motor Symptom Scale; NPI-3, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; PD-CRS, Parkinson's Disease-Cognition Rating Scale; PDQ-39, 39-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire; PDQ-8, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-8 items; PDSS-2, Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale-2; QUIP, Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease; QUIP-RS, Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; RBDQ-HK, REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire Hong Kong; SEADLS, Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale; South Oaks Gambling Screen; UDysRS, Scale Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; VOSP, Visual Object and Space Perception Battery; Y-BOCS, Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale; LEDD, L-dopa-equivalent daily dose; DAED, dopamine agonist-equivalent daily dose; DA, Dopamine Agonist; ICD, impulse control disorders; RBDs, Related Behavior Disorders.