Comparison 1. Cognitive behavioural therapies versus controls at end of treatment.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Pain	21	1453	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.29 [‐0.47, ‐0.11]
1.1 Traditional cognitive behavioural therapy	18	1150	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.30 [‐0.44, ‐0.15]
1.2 Operant therapy	2	123	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.67 [‐2.56, 1.23]
1.3 Self‐management	2	180	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.81, 0.84]
2 Negative mood	19	1649	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.33 [‐0.49, ‐0.17]
2.1 Traditional cognitive‐behavioural therapy	15	1010	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.34 [‐0.48, ‐0.19]
2.2 Operant therapy	2	124	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.90 [‐2.21, 0.42]
2.3 Self‐management education	3	515	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.10 [‐0.27, 0.07]
3 Disability	16	1234	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.30 [‐0.51, ‐0.08]
3.1 Traditional cognitive‐behavioural therapy	13	931	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.31 [‐0.45, ‐0.18]
3.2 Operant therapy	2	123	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.88 [‐3.10, 1.33]
3.3 Self‐management education	2	180	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [‐0.60, 0.74]
4 Self‐efficacy pain	11	1047	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.49 [‐0.80, ‐0.17]
4.1 Traditional cognitive‐behavioural therapy	9	589	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.39 [‐0.72, ‐0.05]
4.2 Operant therapy	2	123	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.18 [‐3.01, 0.64]
4.3 Self‐management education	1	335	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.18 [‐0.39, 0.04]
5 Acceptability	21	1914	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.65, 1.35]
5.1 Traditional cognitive‐behavioural therapy	17	1169	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.65, 1.46]
5.2 Operant therapy	2	126	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.03, 7.34]
5.3 Self‐management education	3	619	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.33 [0.81, 2.19]
6 Fatigue	11	910	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.25 [‐0.49, ‐0.02]
6.1 Traditional cognitive‐behavioural therapy	9	667	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.38 [‐0.65, ‐0.10]
6.2 Operant therapy	1	63	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.09 [‐0.44, 0.62]
6.3 Self‐management education	2	180	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.04 [‐0.33, 0.40]
7 Sleep problems	8	422	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.40 [‐0.85, 0.05]
7.1 Traditional cognitive‐behavioural therapy	6	244	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.50 [‐1.11, 0.11]
7.2 Operant therapy	1	60	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.37 [‐0.91, 0.17]
7.3 Self‐management education	1	118	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.09 [‐0.27, 0.45]
8 Health‐related quality of life	13	1238	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.23 [‐0.38, ‐0.08]
8.1 Traditional cognitive‐behavioural therapy	11	778	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.34 [‐0.49, ‐0.18]
8.2 Operant therapy	1	63	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.19 [‐0.34, 0.72]
8.3 Self‐management education	2	397	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.36, 0.33]