Comparison 2. Cognitive behavioural therapies versus controls at long‐term follow‐up.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Pain	14	893	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.40 [‐0.62, ‐0.17]
1.1 Traditional cognitive‐behavioural therapy	13	770	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.28 [‐0.43, ‐0.14]
1.2 Operant therapy	2	123	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.27 [‐2.30, ‐0.24]
1.3 Self‐management education	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 Negative mood	12	792	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.43 [‐0.75, ‐0.11]
2.1 Traditional cognitive‐behavioural therapy	11	669	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.28 [‐0.58, 0.02]
2.2 Operant therapy	2	123	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.28 [‐1.97, ‐0.59]
2.3 Self‐management education	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 Disability	10	735	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.52 [‐0.86, ‐0.18]
3.1 Traditional cognitive‐behavioural therapy	9	612	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.32 [‐0.55, ‐0.09]
3.2 Operant therapy	2	123	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.68 [‐2.40, ‐0.96]
3.3 Self‐management education	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 Self‐efficacy pain	9	617	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.75 [‐1.27, ‐0.24]
4.1 Traditional cognitive‐behavioural therapy	8	494	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.52 [‐1.04, ‐0.00]
4.2 Operant therapy	2	123	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.69 [‐2.76, ‐0.62]
4.3 Self‐management education	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Fatigue	6	429	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.46 [‐0.77, ‐0.15]
5.1 Traditional cognitive‐behavioural therapy	6	366	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.38 [‐0.69, ‐0.07]
5.2 Operant therapy	1	63	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.02 [‐1.59, ‐0.46]
5.3 Self‐management education	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6 Sleep problems	7	378	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.64 [‐1.31, 0.03]
6.1 Traditional cognitive‐behavioural therapy	6	318	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.46 [‐1.11, 0.19]
6.2 Operant therapy	1	60	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.68 [‐2.30, ‐1.06]
6.3 Self‐management education	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7 Health‐related quality of life	6	425	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.19 [‐0.58, 0.21]
7.1 Traditional cognitive‐behavioural therapy	6	362	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.28 [‐0.68, 0.11]
7.2 Operant therapy	1	63	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.39 [‐0.15, 0.92]
7.3 Self‐management education	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]