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| Methods | Cross sectional population based survey. | |
| Participants | All women delivering in the state of Oregon, USA in 2002. n=23,337 | |
| Interventions | Many delivery related variables including VD, instrumented VD, parity, infant weight, age, BMI, CD in or not in labor | |
| Outcomes | combined flatus/fecal incontinence | |
| Notes | The follow up publication (Guise 2008) allows direct comparison of CD and VD and this does not. Validated FI assessment. | |
