1. Anaesthetic techniques.

Study	Purpose of blockade	Surgical anaesthesia	Block technique	Comparison
Altermatt 2013	Preoperative and postoperative analgesia	Unspecified	Continuous lumbar plexus with 0.1% bupivacaine in a patient‐controlled analgesia mode	IV morphine
Antonopoulou 2006	Postoperative analgesia	Spinal anaesthesia	Continuous femoral nerve block, nerve stimulator, loaded with 18 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine followed by an infusion of 0.125% levobupivacaine at 3‐4 mL/h	IM pethidine
Beaudoin 2013	Preoperative analgesia	Unspecified	Ultrasound‐guided femoral nerve block performed by an experienced operator with a 7.5 MHz linear probe, participant in Trendelenburg position, cross‐sectional view, 22 G Whitacre needle in‐plane and 25 mL of bupivacaine 0.5% and distal manual pressure for 5 minutes	IM morphine
Chudinov 1999	Preoperative and postoperative analgesia Surgery for some participants	Treatment group: psoas block alone (3/20) with a sciatic block (5/20), a spinal (11/20) or general anaesthesia (1/20) Control group: neuraxial block (19/20) or general anaesthesia (1/20).	Psoas, loss of resistance, Chayen's technique 0.8 mL/kg of bupivacaine 0.25%, operated side up (1 epidural spread)	IM meperidine and diclofenac
Coad 1991	Postoperative analgesia	General anaesthesia for all participants with etomidate, nitrous oxide, enflurane, fentanyl and vecuronium	Lateral cutaneous: 15 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine, Eriksson's technique Femoral (3‐in‐1): 15 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine, Winnie's technique	IM meperidine
Cuvillon 2007	Postoperative analgesia	Spinal anaesthesia for all participants	Continuous femoral nerve block. Nerve stimulator 0.3 to 0.5 mA. Non‐stimulating catheter passed 10‐15 cm past the needle tip loaded with 30 mL of 1.5% lidocaine followed by ropivacaine 0.2% at 10 mL/h for 48 hours	SC morphine
De La Tabla 2010	Preoperative analgesia	Unspecified	Femoral nerve block under dual guidance (ultrasound and nerve stimulator), catheter loaded with 15 mL of ropivacaine 0.2% followed by an infusion of the same solution at 5 mL/h and 10 mL every 30 minutes	IV metamizole and tramadol
Diakomi 2014	Preoperative analgesia (spinal positioning)	Spinal anaesthesia	Fascia iliaca block, Dalen's technique, landmarks, 40 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine	IV fentanyl
Domac 2015	Preoperative analgesia (spinal positioning) plus postoperative analgesia	Spinal anaesthesia	Fascia iliaca block with 15 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine and 15 mL of 2% lidocaine; 2‐3 cm below inguinal ligament at the junction of lateral 1/3 and medial 2/3 of a line from pubis tubercle to anterior iliac spine; 2 pops	IV morphine
Fletcher 2003	Preoperative analgesia	Unspecified	Fermoral (3‐in‐1 nerve block, Wiinie's technique with 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine and 5 minutes distal compression)	IV morphine
Foss 2007	Preoperative analgesia	Unspecified	Fascia iliaca block based on Dalen's landmarks with a 24 G blunted needle and 40 mL of 1% mepivacaine with epinephrine	IM morphine
Gille 2006	Preoperative and postoperative analgesia	Treatment group: spinal anaesthesia for 37/50 and general anaesthesia for 13/50 Control group: spinal anaesthesia for 38/50 and general anaesthesia for 12/50	Femoral non‐stimulating catheter: needle 18 G, catheter 20 G (Brown‐Perifix‐Plexus Anaesthesia); 0.5 mA and 0.1 msec. Catheters were advanced about 10 cm past the needle tip and fixed. Loading dose was 40 mL of prilocaine 1% followed 2 hours later by ropivacaine 0.2% 30 mL, repeated every 6 hours. Amount (up to 40 mL; n = 5) and intervals (up to every 4 hours; n = 8) or both (n = 6) adjusted on pain scores	IV metamizole plus oral tilidine and naloxone
Godoy 2010	Preoperative analgesia	Unspecified	Fascia iliaca compartment block, 21G long bevel needle, Dalen's technique with 0.3 mL/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine	IV non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
Graham 2008	Preoperative analgesia	Unspecified	Femoral (3‐in‐1) nerve block, Winnie's technique, nerve stimulator and 30 mL of bupivacaine 0.5% (not exceeding 3 mg/kg)	IV morphine
Haddad 1995	Preoperative analgesia	Unspecified	Femoral nerve block with 0.3 mL/kg of bupivacaine 0,25%. Paraesthesia technique with a short bevel needle	IM pethidine, oral co‐dydramol and IM voltarol
Hood 1991	Postoperative analgesia	General anaesthesia for all participants with etomidate, nitrous oxide, isoflurane and alfentanil	Femoral nerve block (triple nerve block) with nerve stimulator < 1.0 mA and 35 mL of prilocaine 0.75% and distal digital pressure plus infiltration above the iliac crest with 8 mL of the same solution	IM papaveratum
Iamaroon 2010	Preoperative analgesia	Spinal anaesthesia	Femoral nerve block with nerve stimulator (0.2 to 0.4 mA) and 20 mL of bupivacaine 0.5% plus 10 mL of saline	IV fentanyl
Jadon 2014	Preoperative analgesia	Spinal anaesthesia	Femoral nerve block with nerve stimulator (0.3 to 0.5 mA) and 15 mL of lidocaine 2% plus 5 mL of distilled water	IV fentanyl
Jones 1985	Postoperative analgesia	General anaesthesia for all participants with thiopental, nitrous oxide, halothane, fentanyl and alcuronium	Lateral cutaneous nerve block with 15 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine, Eriksson's technique	IM pethidine
Kullenberg 2004	Preoperative analgesia	Unspecified	Femoral nerve block with 30 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine. Winnie's approach and nerve stimulator	IM ketobemidon plus tramadol and paracetamol
Luger 2012	Preoperative and postoperative analgesia	Spinal anaesthesia	Ultrasound‐guided femoral (3‐in‐1) nerve block (13‐6 MHz linear probe), catheter inserted ≥ 12‐15 cm past the needle tip) loaded with 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine followed by an infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine at 6 mL/h (motor blockade not evaluated) or Lumbar epidural analgesia with 0.125% bupivacaine at 8 mL/h	IV/SC piritramide or IV paracetamol
Mossafa 2005	Preoperative analgesia	Spinal anaesthesia	Fascia iliaca block with 20 mL of 1.5% lidocaine	IV fentanyl
Mouzopoulos 2009	Preoperative and postoperative analgesia	Epidural anaesthesia	Fascia iliaca block daily, Dalen's technique with 0.3 mL/kg of bupivacaine (0.25%?)	IV and analgesics
Murgue 2006	Preoperative analgesia	Unspecified	Femoral nerve block with nerve stimulator and 20 mL of mepivacaine	IV morphine or IV paracetamol and ketoprofen
Nie 2015	Postoperative analgesia	General anaesthesia with propofol, remifentanil and atracurium	Fascia iliaca block with landmarks (2‐3 cm below the inguinal ligament); catheter inserted at least 10 cm cranially and loaded with 20 to 30 mL (weight basis) of 0.5% ropivacaine followed by 0.25% bupivacaine at 0.1 mL/kg/h for 48 hours	IV patient‐controlled analgesia with fentanyl and tropisetron
Segado Jimenez 2009	Postoperative analgesia	Spinal anaesthesia	Landmarks. Obturator nerve with 15 mL of bupivacaine with a vasoconstrictive agent, proximal to the obturator orifice. Femoral lateral cutaneous (Brown) with 10 mL of the same solution	IV morphine
Spansberg 1996	Postoperative analgesia	Spinal anaesthesia	Femoral nerve block with nerve stimulator, non‐stimulating catheter advanced 8‐15 cm past needle tip. Inserted just before surgery. Loaded with 0.4 L/kg of bupivacaine 0.5%; continuous infusion with 0.14 mL/kg/h of bupivacaine 0.25% for 16 hours after surgery	IM morphine
Szucs 2012	Preoperative and postoperative analgesia	Spinal anaesthesia	Non‐stimulating catheter for femoral nerve block, inserted in the emergency department with a nerve stimulator, 0.4 mA and 0.1 msec, space dilated before catheter insertion with 10 mL of 2% lidocaine, catheter advanced 3 cm past the needle tip and 10 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine through the catheter followed by 0.25% bupivacaine infused at 4 mL per hour for 72 hours	IM morphine
Tuncer 2003	Postoperative analgesia	General anaesthesia for all participants with propofol, nitrous oxide, isoflurane, fentanyl, morphine and atracurium	Femoral (3‐in‐1) nerve block, nerve stimulator 0.1 mA, non‐stimulating catheter advanced 4‐5 cm past the needle tip. Loaded with 30 mL of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine followed by an infusion with bupivacaine 0.125% at 4 mL/h for 48 hours	IV morphine
White 1980	Intraoperative analgesia	General anaesthesia with thiopental, nitrous oxide, halothane and fentanyl or nitrous oxide and alfaxolone/alfadolone	Psoas block with 30 mL of 2% mepivacaine, side to be blocked uppermost, Chayen's technique or Spinal: 0.6 to 0.8 mL of hyperbaric cinchocaine	Conventional general anaesthesia
Yun 2009	Preoperative analgesia	Spinal anaesthesia	Fascia iliaca block, Dalen's technique with 30 mL of 0.375% ropivacaine	IV alfentanil

G: gram

h: hour

IM: intramuscular

mA: milliAmpere

mcg/mL: microgram/millilitre

mg/kg: milligram/kilogram

MHz: megahertz

mL: millilitre

msec: millisecond

n: number

SC: subcutaneous