Cuvillon 2007.

Methods	RCT Approved by the ethics committee and written informed consents obtained Setting: France Funding: charity
Participants	62 participants with a hip fracture undergoing surgery. Mean age: 82 years (range not stated). Percentage female: 86%. Arthroplasty: 58% Lost to follow‐up: not stated Excluded: more than 72 between fracture and surgery, weight < 40 kg, ASA physical status > IV, neurological disease (alcoholic or diabetic), allergy or contraindication to regional anaesthesia, severe hepatic or renal dysfunction, Mini Mental score < 15/30
Interventions	Treatment group: continuous femoral nerve block. Nerve stimulator, 0.3 to 0.5 mA, catheter introduced 10 to 15 cm past needle tip and loaded with 30 mL of lidocaine 1.5% plus epinephrine. Infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine at 10 mL/h for 48 hours (n = 21) Control groups: intravenous propacetamol 2 G 6‐hourly (n = 21) or subcutaneous morphine 0.05 mg/kg 4‐hourly (n = 20) Propacetamol and morphine before surgery, spinal anaesthesia for surgery for all participants. Treatment group and propacetamol group participants could also receive morphine after surgery if needed
Outcomes	Pain scores at 8, 24 and 48 hours after surgery Number of participants who required additional opioids during first 48 hours after surgery Confusion/somnolence Transfused Pressure sores Mortality at 6 months Cost of analgesic regimens
Notes	Length of follow‐up: 6 months Study authors contacted 22 May 2015; no reply
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomized trial: use of numbered envelopes
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomized trial: use of numbered envelopes
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not mentioned
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not mentioned
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	None lost to follow‐up Failed blocked excluded, but no immediate failed block. Four catheter dislodgements; these participants were kept in the analysis (intention‐to‐treat)
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All measurements mentioned in methods section given in results section
Other bias	Unclear risk	Groups well balanced except for delay between admission and surgery (median 40 hours in femoral catheter group and 21 and 23,5 hours in the 2 control groups)