Kullenberg 2004.

Methods	RCT Setting: Sweden Funding: no conflict of interest declared, classified as departmental resources
Participants	Orthopaedic hospital in Sweden 80 participants with a hip fracture Mean age: 82 years (range not stated) Percentage female: 64% Lost to follow‐up: not stated Excluded: inability to rate their pain
Interventions	Treatment group: femoral nerve block inserted at the time of admission with 30 mL ropivacaine (7.5 mg/mL) (n = 40). Mean bock duration 15.8 ± 5.6 hours. Four participants had their block during transportation to the hospital. The block was repeated for 3 participants owing to a long delay before surgery (23.9 hours, 26.3 hours and 30.9 hours) Control group: no injection (n = 40)
Outcomes	Confusion (Pfeiffer test, graded according to a 4‐degree scale (0‐3: no, light, moderate and pronounced confusion) at 48 hours Time to first mobilization Pressure sores Opioids used per 24 hours
Notes	Length of follow‐up: length of acute hospital stay (mean 11 days) No complication related to the nerve block All participants indicated that they would consider a new future blockade if this would be necessary
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Use of sealed envelopes
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Use of sealed envelopes
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not mentioned
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not mentioned
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	None lost to follow‐up Five failed blocks; participants kept in their treatment groups
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All measurements mentioned in methods section given in results section
Other bias	Unclear risk	Groups well balanced except for a longer delay in arrival to surgery for the block group (15.5 hours vs 5.8 hours)