Luger 2012.

Methods	RCT Approved by the ethics committee and written informed consents obtained Setting: Austria Funding: departmental resources
Participants	Included: 37 very elderly participants (> 80 years) with hip fractures (of whom 3 with dementia had to be excluded) scheduled for surgery under spinal anaesthesia Excluded: score < 18 on the Mini‐Mental State Examination, surgery did not take place within 36 hours, known intolerance or allergies to drugs, planned or required general anaesthesia, refusal of consent, participation in a different study, administration of midazolam as premedication, chronic pain, contraindications and spinal anaesthesia failure, incomplete data records
Interventions	Treatment groups: ultrasound‐guided continuous femoral (3‐in‐1) nerve block with bupivacaine (n = 10) Control group: systemic analgesia with IV/SC piritramide and IV paracetamol (n = 10)
Outcomes	Pain scores at rest and on movement at 24 hours after surgery Opioids at 24 hours after surgery Number of participants with postoperative myocardial ischaemia
Notes	Study also includes a group with epidural analgesia ‐ not retained in this review
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	"The patients were randomized according to a computer‐generated randomization list"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not mentioned
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not mentioned
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not mentioned
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No drop‐out for the 2 included subgroups
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All measurements mentioned in methods section given in results section
Other bias	Low risk	Groups comparable