Spansberg 1996.

Methods	RCT Approved by the ethics committee and informed consents obtained Setting: Denmark Funding: unspecified
Participants	20 participants with a hip fracture surgically treated Mean age: 81 years (range 58‐91) Percentage female: unclear Lost to follow‐up: none
Interventions	All participants had spinal anaesthesia with 3.5 mL 0.5% bupivacaine Postoperatively, participants received: Treatment group: femoral nerve block with 0.4 mL/kg bolus of 0.5% bupivacaine, then infusion of 0.14 mL/kg/h 0.25% bupivacaine for 16 hours (n = 10) Control group: saline infusion for 16 hours of same volume of fluid (control) (n = 10) Regular aspirin administration and IM morphine on demand
Outcomes	Opioids used during first 18 hours after surgery No haematomas at the site of femoral catheters. Length of follow‐up unspecified
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomized by a computer after surgery
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Adequate
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Placebo‐controlled study: participants, recovery staff and observers were blind to the solution used
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Placebo‐controlled study: participants, recovery staff and observers were blind to the solution used
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	None lost to follow‐up Nine of 10 participants receiving bupivacaine were analgesic to pin prick in the distribution of all 3 nerves. The other participant was analgesic only in the distribution of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All measurements mentioned in methods section given in results section
Other bias	Low risk	Groups well balanced