Yun 2009.

Methods	RCT Approved by the ethics committee and written informed consents obtained Setting: Korea Funding: unspecified
Participants	40 ASA physical status I–III participants aged 62–88 years with isolated femoral neck fracture Excluded: known allergy to amide local anaesthetics, haemorrhagic diathesis, peripheral neuropathy, mental disorders
Interventions	Treatment group: fascia iliaca with 30 mL 0.375% ropivacaine (n = 20) Control group: IV alfentanil 10 mcg/kg followed by 0.25 mcg/kg/min starting 2 minutes before spinal (n = 20) Participants were moved to the operating suite for the spinal 20 minutes after block placement. Spinals were performed in lateral decubitus position on the side best tolerated by the participant. When a participant reported a VAS 4 during this positioning, the procedure was stopped, and 100 mg of IV alfentanil was administered in both groups
Outcomes	Pain scores on movement at 30 minutes after block placement (positioning for spinal anaesthesia) and at rest at 6 and 24 hours after surgery Participant satisfaction (yes/no: 1 = good (if necessary, I would repeat the procedure) and 2 = bad (I would never repeat the procedure again)) Opioids at 24 hours No adverse systemic toxicity of ropivacaine was noted, and neither vascular puncture nor paraesthesia was elicited in the fascia iliaca block group. No complications, such as haematoma or persistent paraesthesia, were observed in participants with a fascia iliaca block within 24 hours after the operation
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	"Randomly assigned, using an allocation sequence (which was generated by Y. H. Kim using a computer)"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	"The random allocation sequence was concealed until group was assigned (by J. W. Hwang)"
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not mentioned
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not mentioned
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	None lost to follow‐up No failed block mentioned. 40% (8 of 20) of participants had a complete block (3 nerves) and 60% (12 of 20) had blockade of 2 nerves (lateral femoral cutaneous and femoral)
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All results mentioned in methods section given in results section
Other bias	Low risk	Groups well balanced

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status

DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

ECG or EKG: electrocardiogram

ED: emergency department

FNB: femoral nerve block

G: gram

h: hour

IM: intramuscular

IV: intravenous

IQR: interquartile range

mcg: microgram

mg: milligram

mL: millilitre

n: number

PCA: patient‐controlled analgesia

RCT: randomized controlled trial

SC: subcutaneous

VAS or VRS: = visual or verbal analogue/response scale