1 All‐cause mortality ‐ overall |
141 |
23170 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.88, 0.99] |
2 All‐cause mortality ‐ bias |
141 |
23170 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.88, 0.99] |
2.1 High risk of bias |
141 |
23170 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.88, 0.99] |
2.2 Low risk of bias |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3 All‐cause mortality ‐ mode of delivery |
141 |
23170 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.88, 0.99] |
3.1 General nutrition support |
7 |
1566 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.71, 1.36] |
3.2 Fortified nutrition |
2 |
290 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.24 [0.61, 2.54] |
3.3 Oral nutrition support |
32 |
8501 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.77, 1.15] |
3.4 Enteral nutrition |
42 |
4212 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.75, 0.95] |
3.5 Parenteral nutrition |
51 |
8121 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.90, 1.09] |
3.6 Mixed |
7 |
480 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.72 [0.37, 1.37] |
4 All‐cause mortality ‐ medical specialty |
141 |
23170 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.88, 0.99] |
4.1 Cardiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.2 Medical gastro‐enterology and hepatology |
13 |
622 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.77, 1.19] |
4.3 Geriatrics |
13 |
2547 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.67, 1.17] |
4.4 Pulmonary disease |
3 |
118 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.15, 1.28] |
4.5 Endocrinology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.6 Infectious diseases |
1 |
56 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.61 [0.66, 3.92] |
4.7 Rheumatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.8 Haematology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.9 Nephrology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.10 Gastroenterologic surgery |
50 |
4715 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.70, 1.12] |
4.11 Trauma surgery |
6 |
249 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.86 [0.55, 1.34] |
4.12 Ortopaedics |
12 |
1196 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.00 [0.61, 1.62] |
4.13 Plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.14 Vascular surgery |
2 |
28 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.15 Transplant surgery |
3 |
84 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.54 [0.22, 1.31] |
4.16 Urology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.17 Thoracic surgery |
3 |
592 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.71 [0.16, 3.22] |
4.18 Neurological surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.19 Oro‐maxillo‐facial surgery |
1 |
32 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
3.38 [0.15, 77.12] |
4.20 Anaesthesiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.21 Emergency medicine |
11 |
5421 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.85, 1.12] |
4.22 Psychiatry |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.23 Neurology |
9 |
5448 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.77 [0.59, 0.99] |
4.24 Oncology |
7 |
411 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.87, 1.21] |
4.25 Dermatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.26 Gynaecology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.27 Mixed |
7 |
1651 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.28 [0.94, 1.75] |
5 All‐cause mortality ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories |
141 |
23170 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.88, 0.99] |
5.1 Clearly adequate in intervention and clearly inadequate in control |
28 |
7589 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.88, 1.09] |
5.2 Inadequate in the experimental or adequate in the control |
27 |
6824 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.95 [0.82, 1.10] |
5.3 Experimental group is overfed |
10 |
974 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.69, 1.41] |
5.4 Unclear intake in control or experimental |
76 |
7783 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.81, 0.98] |
6 All‐cause mortality ‐ different screening tools |
141 |
23170 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.88, 0.99] |
6.1 NRS 2002 |
4 |
5064 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.02 [0.87, 1.19] |
6.2 MUST |
1 |
146 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.30 [0.60, 2.82] |
6.3 MNA |
2 |
117 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.61 [0.12, 3.18] |
6.4 SGA |
3 |
1171 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.41 [0.94, 2.10] |
6.5 Other means |
131 |
16672 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.97] |
7 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions |
141 |
23170 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.88, 0.99] |
7.1 Major surgery |
62 |
5712 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.68, 1.04] |
7.2 Stroke |
4 |
5056 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.79, 1.05] |
7.3 ICU participants including trauma |
15 |
5626 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.85, 1.11] |
7.4 Frail elderly participants with less severe conditions known to increase protein requirements |
19 |
2385 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.85 [0.65, 1.11] |
7.5 Participants do not fall into one of the categories above |
41 |
4391 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.84, 1.14] |
8 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria |
141 |
23170 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.88, 0.99] |
8.1 BMI less than 20.5 kg/m2
|
2 |
247 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.19 [0.58, 2.45] |
8.2 Weight loss of at least 5% during the last three months |
1 |
32 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
8.3 Weight loss of at least 10% during the last six months |
3 |
124 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.07 [0.11, 10.33] |
8.4 Insufficient food intake during the last week (50% of requirements or less) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
8.5 Participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' by other means |
135 |
22767 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.88, 0.99] |
9 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics |
141 |
23170 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.88, 0.99] |
9.1 Biomarkers |
7 |
749 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.40 [0.16, 1.00] |
9.2 Anthropometric measures |
12 |
1402 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.79 [0.55, 1.11] |
9.3 Both anthropometrics and biomarkers |
3 |
75 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.66 [0.14, 3.07] |
9.4 Characterised by other means |
119 |
20944 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.89, 1.00] |
10 All‐cause mortality ‐ randomisation year |
141 |
23170 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.88, 0.99] |
10.1 Before 1960 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
10.2 1960 to 1979 |
6 |
237 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.07 [0.52, 2.23] |
10.3 1980 to 1999 |
86 |
12055 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.86, 1.00] |
10.4 After 1999 |
49 |
10878 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.81, 1.06] |
11 All‐cause mortality ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more |
141 |
23170 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.88, 0.99] |
11.1 Three days or more |
127 |
22394 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.88, 0.99] |
11.2 Fewer than three days |
12 |
699 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.05 [0.72, 1.54] |
11.3 Unknown |
2 |
77 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.25 [0.01, 5.00] |
12 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario |
141 |
23700 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.77 [0.69, 0.85] |
13 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario |
141 |
23700 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.09 [0.98, 1.23] |
14 All‐cause mortality co‐interventions |
141 |
23170 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.86, 0.98] |
14.1 received nutrition support as co‐intervention |
13 |
5475 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.95 [0.82, 1.08] |
14.2 did not receive nutrition support as co‐intervention |
125 |
17462 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.98] |
14.3 delayed versus early nutrition support |
3 |
233 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.53, 1.83] |