1 Serious adverse events ‐ overall |
137 |
22087 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.86, 1.01] |
2 Serious adverse events ‐ bias |
137 |
22087 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.86, 1.01] |
2.1 High risk of bias |
137 |
22087 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.86, 1.01] |
2.2 Low risk of bias |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3 Serious adverse events ‐ mode of delivery |
137 |
22087 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.86, 1.01] |
3.1 General nutrition support |
6 |
1420 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.19 [0.79, 1.78] |
3.2 Fortified |
2 |
290 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.24 [0.61, 2.54] |
3.3 Oral |
33 |
8569 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.79, 1.06] |
3.4 Enteral |
43 |
3935 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.85 [0.74, 0.98] |
3.5 Parenteral |
48 |
7519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.85, 1.14] |
3.6 Mixed |
5 |
354 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.77 [0.33, 1.76] |
4 Serious adverse events ‐ by medical specialty |
137 |
22087 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.86, 1.01] |
4.1 Cardiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.2 Medical gastroenterology and hepatology |
10 |
518 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.90 [0.60, 1.36] |
4.3 High risk |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.4 Geriatrics |
13 |
2554 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.85 [0.66, 1.08] |
4.5 Pulmonary disease |
3 |
118 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.15, 1.28] |
4.6 Endocrinology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.7 Infectious diseases |
1 |
56 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.23 [0.52, 2.93] |
4.8 Rheumatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.9 Haematology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.10 Nephrology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.11 Gastroenterologic surgery |
57 |
4320 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.86 [0.72, 1.02] |
4.12 Trauma surgery |
5 |
225 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.55, 1.57] |
4.13 Ortopaedics |
12 |
1210 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.39 [0.90, 2.14] |
4.14 Plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.15 Vascular surgery |
3 |
48 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.5 [0.05, 4.67] |
4.16 Transplant surgery |
3 |
84 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.58 [0.23, 1.50] |
4.17 Urology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.18 Thoracic surgery |
3 |
592 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.47 [0.06, 3.62] |
4.19 Neurological surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.20 Oro‐maxillo‐facial surgery |
1 |
32 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.44, 1.78] |
4.21 Anaesthesiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.22 Emergency medicine |
7 |
5198 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.80, 1.22] |
4.23 Psychiatry |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.24 Neurology |
7 |
5168 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.78 [0.58, 1.06] |
4.25 Oncology |
5 |
309 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.12 [0.51, 2.44] |
4.26 Dermatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.27 Gynaecology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.28 Mixed |
7 |
1655 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.24 [0.92, 1.67] |
5 Serious adverse events ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories |
137 |
22087 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.86, 1.01] |
5.1 Clearly adequate in intervention and clearly inadequate in control |
28 |
7405 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.95 [0.80, 1.11] |
5.2 Inadequate in the experimental or adequate in the control |
28 |
7335 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.84, 1.13] |
5.3 Experimental group is overfed |
6 |
224 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.85 [0.44, 1.67] |
5.4 Unclear intake in control or experimental |
75 |
7123 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.83 [0.70, 0.98] |
6 Serious adverse events ‐ different screening tools |
137 |
22087 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.86, 1.01] |
6.1 NRS 2002 |
4 |
5064 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.06 [0.87, 1.31] |
6.2 MUST |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
6.3 MNA |
2 |
117 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.61 [0.12, 3.18] |
6.4 SGA |
3 |
1175 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.35, 1.92] |
6.5 Other means |
128 |
15731 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.90 [0.82, 0.98] |
7 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions |
137 |
22087 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.86, 1.01] |
7.1 Major surgery |
65 |
5180 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.71, 0.99] |
7.2 Stroke |
6 |
5139 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.78 [0.58, 1.06] |
7.3 ICU participants including trauma |
12 |
5423 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.81, 1.19] |
7.4 Frail elderly participants with less severe conditions known to increase protein requirements |
19 |
2406 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.75, 1.26] |
7.5 Participants do not fall into one of the categories above |
35 |
3939 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.01 [0.85, 1.21] |
8 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria |
137 |
22087 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.86, 1.01] |
8.1 BMI less than 20.5 kg/m2 |
2 |
247 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.19 [0.58, 2.45] |
8.2 Weight loss of at least 5% during the last three months |
1 |
32 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
8.3 Weight loss of at least 10% during the last six months |
1 |
32 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.44, 1.78] |
8.4 Insufficient food intake during the last week (50% of requirements or less) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
8.5 Participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' by other means |
133 |
21776 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.86, 1.01] |
9 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics |
137 |
22087 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.86, 1.01] |
9.1 Biomarkers |
8 |
703 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.39 [0.16, 0.95] |
9.2 Anthropometric measures |
15 |
1677 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.90 [0.68, 1.20] |
9.3 Mixed |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
9.4 Characterised by other means |
114 |
19707 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.86, 1.02] |
10 Serious adverse events ‐ randomisation year |
137 |
22087 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.86, 1.01] |
10.1 Before 1960 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
10.2 1960 to 1979 |
5 |
184 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.40 [0.70, 2.78] |
10.3 1980 to 1999 |
86 |
11472 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.82, 1.00] |
10.4 After 1999 |
46 |
10431 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.75, 1.06] |
11 Serious adverse events ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more |
137 |
22087 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.86, 1.01] |
11.1 Three days or more |
125 |
21408 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.86, 1.02] |
11.2 Less than three days |
10 |
602 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.67 [0.39, 1.16] |
11.3 Unknown |
2 |
77 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.25 [0.01, 5.00] |
12 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario |
137 |
22557 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.74 [0.65, 0.83] |
13 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario |
137 |
22557 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.06 [0.92, 1.21] |
14 Serious adverse events co‐interventions |
137 |
22087 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.84, 0.99] |
14.1 received nutrition support as co‐intervention |
11 |
5337 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.95 [0.79, 1.15] |
14.2 did not receive nutrition support as co‐intervention |
119 |
16327 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.90 [0.83, 0.99] |
14.3 delayed versus early nutrition support |
7 |
423 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.51, 1.57] |