1 Serious adverse events ‐ overall |
152 |
23413 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.97] |
2 Serious adverse events ‐ bias |
152 |
23413 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.97] |
2.1 High risk of bias |
152 |
23413 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.97] |
2.2 Low risk of bias |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3 Serious adverse events ‐ mode of delivery |
152 |
23413 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.97] |
3.1 General nutrition support |
7 |
1544 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.04 [0.76, 1.44] |
3.2 Fortified nutrition |
2 |
290 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.24 [0.61, 2.54] |
3.3 Oral nutrition support |
33 |
8541 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.74, 1.07] |
3.4 Enteral nutrition |
49 |
4425 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.73, 0.91] |
3.5 Parenteral nutrition |
56 |
8263 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.90, 1.07] |
3.6 Mixed |
5 |
350 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.74 [0.37, 1.48] |
4 Serious adverse events ‐ by medical specialty |
152 |
23413 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.97] |
4.1 Cardiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.2 Medical gastroenterology and hepatology |
13 |
706 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.75, 1.17] |
4.3 Geriatrics |
13 |
2547 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.67, 1.17] |
4.4 Pulmonary disease |
3 |
118 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.15, 1.28] |
4.5 Endocrinology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.6 Infectious diseases |
1 |
56 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.23 [0.52, 2.93] |
4.7 Rheumatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.8 Haematology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.9 Nephrology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.10 Gastroenterologic surgery |
59 |
4835 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.83 [0.71, 0.97] |
4.11 Trauma surgery |
7 |
290 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.86 [0.55, 1.34] |
4.12 Ortopaedics |
12 |
1196 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.63, 1.51] |
4.13 Plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.14 Vascular surgery |
3 |
48 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.5 [0.05, 4.67] |
4.15 Transplant surgery |
3 |
84 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.54 [0.22, 1.31] |
4.16 Urology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.17 Thoracic surgery |
3 |
592 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.47 [0.06, 3.62] |
4.18 Neurological surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.19 Oro‐maxillo‐facial surgery |
1 |
32 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.44, 1.78] |
4.20 Anaesthesiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.21 Emergency medicine |
11 |
5421 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.84, 1.10] |
4.22 Psychiatry |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.23 Neurology |
9 |
5426 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.75 [0.58, 0.98] |
4.24 Oncology |
7 |
407 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.02 [0.87, 1.20] |
4.25 Dermatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.26 Gynaecology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
4.27 Mixed |
7 |
1655 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.29 [0.97, 1.71] |
5 Serious adverse events ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories |
152 |
23413 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.97] |
5.1 Clearly adequate in intervention and clearly inadequate in control |
31 |
7623 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.95 [0.86, 1.05] |
5.2 Inadequate in the experimental or adequate in the control |
29 |
7395 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.95 [0.85, 1.05] |
5.3 Experimental group is overfed |
11 |
867 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.72, 1.19] |
5.4 Unclear intake in control or experimental |
81 |
7528 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.81 [0.70, 0.94] |
6 Serious adverse events ‐ different screening tools |
152 |
23413 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.97] |
6.1 NRS 2002 |
4 |
5064 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.89, 1.21] |
6.2 MUST |
1 |
124 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.37 [0.64, 2.92] |
6.3 MNA |
2 |
117 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.61 [0.12, 3.18] |
6.4 SGA |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
6.5 Other means |
145 |
18108 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.82, 0.95] |
7 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions |
152 |
23413 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.97] |
7.1 Major surgery |
72 |
5936 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.71, 0.94] |
7.2 Stroke |
8 |
5397 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.75 [0.58, 0.98] |
7.3 ICU participants including trauma |
16 |
5667 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.84, 1.10] |
7.4 Frail elderly participants with less severe conditions known to increase protein requirements |
19 |
2385 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.65, 1.03] |
7.5 Participants do not fall into one of the categories above |
37 |
4028 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.92, 1.15] |
8 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria |
152 |
23413 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.97] |
8.1 BMI less than 20.5 kg/m2 |
2 |
247 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.19 [0.58, 2.45] |
8.2 Weight loss of at least 5% during the last three months |
1 |
32 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
8.3 Weight loss of at least 10% during the last six months |
3 |
124 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.42, 1.67] |
8.4 Insufficient food intake during the last week (50% of requirements or less) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
8.5 Participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' by other means |
146 |
23010 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.90 [0.84, 0.97] |
9 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics |
152 |
23413 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.97] |
9.1 Biomarkers |
10 |
795 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.37 [0.16, 0.85] |
9.2 Anthropometric measures |
12 |
1402 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.76 [0.54, 1.08] |
9.3 Both |
3 |
75 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.66 [0.14, 3.07] |
9.4 Characterised by other means |
127 |
21141 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.98] |
10 Serious adverse events ‐ randomisation year |
152 |
23413 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.97] |
10.1 Before 1960 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
10.2 1960 to 1979 |
6 |
240 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.18 [0.65, 2.14] |
10.3 1980 to 1999 |
93 |
12128 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.86, 0.99] |
10.4 After 1999 |
53 |
11045 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.83 [0.72, 0.97] |
11 Serious adverse events ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more |
152 |
23413 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.85, 0.97] |
11.1 Three days or more |
138 |
22637 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.90 [0.84, 0.97] |
11.2 Less than three days |
12 |
699 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.90 [0.66, 1.23] |
11.3 Unknown |
2 |
77 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.25 [0.01, 5.00] |
12 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario |
152 |
24315 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.72 [0.65, 0.79] |
13 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario |
152 |
24082 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.05 [0.94, 1.17] |
14 Serious adverse events co‐interventions |
152 |
23413 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.84, 0.95] |
14.1 Received nutrition support as co‐intervention |
12 |
5459 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.81, 1.06] |
14.2 did not receive nutrition support as co‐intervention |
132 |
17493 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.82, 0.94] |
14.3 delayed versus early nutrition support |
8 |
461 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.09 [0.75, 1.59] |
15 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worse case' scenario (enteral nutrition) |
46 |
4415 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.62 [0.51, 0.75] |
16 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario (enteral nutrition) |
46 |
4415 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.81 [0.69, 0.96] |