| 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ overall |
32 |
8501 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.77, 1.15] |
| 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ bias |
32 |
8501 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.77, 1.15] |
| 2.1 High risk of bias |
32 |
8501 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.77, 1.15] |
| 2.2 Low risk of bias |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3 All‐cause mortality ‐ medical speciality |
32 |
8501 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.77, 1.15] |
| 3.1 Cardiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.2 Medical gastroenterology and hepatology |
1 |
36 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.45 [0.10, 2.01] |
| 3.3 Geriatrics |
9 |
1552 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.81 [0.55, 1.19] |
| 3.4 Pulmonary disease |
2 |
93 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.49 [0.16, 1.54] |
| 3.5 Endocrinology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.6 Infectious diseases |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.7 Rheumatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.8 Haematology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.9 Nephrology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.10 Gastroenterologic surgery |
10 |
1267 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.14 [0.61, 2.12] |
| 3.11 Trauma surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.12 Ortopaedics |
4 |
361 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.80 [0.92, 3.52] |
| 3.13 Plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.14 Vascular surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.15 Transplant surgery |
1 |
37 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.35 [0.02, 8.09] |
| 3.16 Urology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.17 Thoracic surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.18 Neurological surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.19 Oro‐maxillo‐facial surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.20 Anaesthesiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.21 Emergency medicine |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.22 Psychiatry |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.23 Neurology |
3 |
4081 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.65 [0.22, 1.93] |
| 3.24 Oncology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.25 Dermatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.26 Gynaecology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.27 Mixed |
2 |
1074 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.24 [0.73, 2.12] |
| 4 All‐cause mortality ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories |
32 |
8501 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.77, 1.15] |
| 4.1 Clearly adequate in intervention and clearly inadequate in control |
4 |
260 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.80 [0.17, 3.70] |
| 4.2 Inadequate in the experimental or adequate in the control |
12 |
5512 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.76, 1.17] |
| 4.3 Experimental group is overfed |
2 |
69 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.53 [0.14, 1.98] |
| 4.4 Unclear intake in control or experimental |
14 |
2660 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.95 [0.65, 1.38] |
| 5 All‐cause mortality ‐ different screening tools |
32 |
8501 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.77, 1.15] |
| 5.1 NRS 2002 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.2 MUST |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.3 MNA |
2 |
117 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.61 [0.12, 3.18] |
| 5.4 SGA |
1 |
525 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.51 [0.99, 2.31] |
| 5.5 Other means |
29 |
7859 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.73, 1.09] |
| 6 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions |
32 |
8501 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.77, 1.15] |
| 6.1 Major surgery |
11 |
1304 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.09 [0.59, 2.00] |
| 6.2 Stroke |
2 |
4052 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.65 [0.22, 1.93] |
| 6.3 ICU participants including trauma |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 6.4 Frail elderly participants with less severe conditions known to increase protein requirements |
10 |
996 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.87 [0.57, 1.34] |
| 6.5 Participants do not fall into one of the categories above |
9 |
2149 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.64, 1.46] |
| 7 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria |
32 |
8501 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.77, 1.15] |
| 7.1 BMI less than 20.5 kg/m2 |
1 |
37 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.35 [0.02, 8.09] |
| 7.2 Weight loss of at least 5% during the last three months |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.3 Weight loss of at least 10% during the last six months |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.4 Insufficient food intake during the last week (50% of requirements or less) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.5 Participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' by other means |
31 |
8464 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.77, 1.16] |
| 8 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics |
32 |
8501 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.77, 1.15] |
| 8.1 Biomarkers |
1 |
60 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.43 [0.12, 1.50] |
| 8.2 Anthropometric measures |
6 |
1111 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.78 [0.52, 1.16] |
| 8.3 Both anthropometrics and biomarkers |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 8.4 Characterised by other means |
25 |
7330 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.77, 1.26] |
| 9 All‐cause mortality ‐ randomisation year |
32 |
8501 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.77, 1.15] |
| 9.1 Before 1960 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 9.2 1960 to 1979 |
1 |
60 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.76 [0.24, 2.43] |
| 9.3 1980 to 1999 |
18 |
6974 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.86 [0.71, 1.05] |
| 9.4 After 1999 |
13 |
1467 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.19 [0.77, 1.83] |
| 10 All‐cause mortality ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more |
32 |
8501 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.77, 1.15] |
| 10.1 Three days or more |
31 |
8462 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.77, 1.15] |
| 10.2 Less than three days |
1 |
39 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 10.3 Unknown |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 11 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario |
32 |
8793 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.70 [0.54, 0.91] |
| 12 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario |
32 |
8793 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.27 [0.93, 1.73] |
| 13 All‐cause mortality co‐interventions |
131 |
22435 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.86, 0.98] |
| 13.1 received nutrition support as co‐intervention |
8 |
5185 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.80, 1.08] |
| 13.2 did not receive nutrition support as co‐intervention |
120 |
17017 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.84, 0.98] |
| 13.3 delayed versus early nutrition support |
3 |
233 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.53, 1.83] |
