| 1 Serious adverse events ‐ overall |
33 |
8569 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.79, 1.06] |
| 2 Serious adverse events ‐ bias |
33 |
8569 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.79, 1.06] |
| 2.1 High risk of bias |
33 |
8569 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.79, 1.06] |
| 2.2 Low risk of bias |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3 Serious adverse events ‐ by medical specialty |
33 |
8569 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.79, 1.06] |
| 3.1 Cardiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.2 Medical gastroenterology and hepatology |
1 |
36 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.45 [0.10, 2.01] |
| 3.3 Geriatrics |
10 |
1609 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.74 [0.56, 0.97] |
| 3.4 Pulmonary disease |
2 |
93 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.49 [0.16, 1.54] |
| 3.5 Endocrinology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.6 Infectious diseases |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.7 Rheumatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.8 Haematology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.9 Nephrology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.10 Gastroenterologic surgery |
10 |
1253 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.66, 1.25] |
| 3.11 Trauma surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.12 Ortopaedics |
4 |
371 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.69 [0.53, 5.36] |
| 3.13 Plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.14 Vascular surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.15 Transplant surgery |
1 |
37 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.35 [0.02, 8.09] |
| 3.16 Urology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.17 Thoracic surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.18 Neurological surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.19 Oro‐maxillo‐facial surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.20 Anaesthesiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.21 Emergency medicine |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.22 Psychiatry |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.23 Neurology |
3 |
4092 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.74, 1.24] |
| 3.24 Oncology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.25 Dermatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.26 Gynaecology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.27 Mixed |
2 |
1078 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.24 [0.73, 2.12] |
| 4 Serious adverse events ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories |
33 |
8569 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.79, 1.06] |
| 4.1 Clearly adequate in intervention and clearly inadequate in control |
4 |
246 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.33, 3.02] |
| 4.2 Inadequate in the experimental or adequate in the control |
13 |
5590 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.76, 1.10] |
| 4.3 Experimental group is overfed |
2 |
69 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.53 [0.14, 1.98] |
| 4.4 Unclear intake in control or experimental |
14 |
2664 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.63, 1.34] |
| 5 Serious adverse events ‐ different screening tools |
33 |
8569 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.79, 1.06] |
| 5.1 NRS 2002 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.2 MUST |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.3 MNA |
2 |
117 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.61 [0.12, 3.18] |
| 5.4 SGA |
1 |
529 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.51 [0.99, 2.31] |
| 5.5 Other means |
30 |
7923 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.86 [0.74, 1.01] |
| 6 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions |
33 |
8569 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.79, 1.06] |
| 6.1 Major surgery |
10 |
612 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.67 [0.22, 2.08] |
| 6.2 Stroke |
2 |
4063 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.74, 1.24] |
| 6.3 ICU participants including trauma |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 6.4 Frail elderly participants with less severe conditions known to increase protein requirements |
11 |
1063 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.77 [0.52, 1.15] |
| 6.5 Participants do not fall into one of the categories above |
10 |
2831 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.70, 1.26] |
| 7 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria |
33 |
8569 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.79, 1.06] |
| 7.1 BMI less than 20.5 kg/m2 |
1 |
37 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.35 [0.02, 8.09] |
| 7.2 Weight loss of at least 5% during the last three months |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.3 Weight loss of at least 10% during the last six months |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.4 Insufficient food intake during the last week (50% of requirements or less) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.5 Participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' by other means |
32 |
8532 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.79, 1.06] |
| 8 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics |
33 |
8569 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.79, 1.06] |
| 8.1 Biomarkers |
1 |
60 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.43 [0.12, 1.50] |
| 8.2 Anthropometric measures |
6 |
1111 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.78 [0.52, 1.16] |
| 8.3 Mixed |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 8.4 Characterised by other means |
26 |
7398 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.95 [0.81, 1.12] |
| 9 Serious adverse events ‐ randomisation year |
33 |
8569 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.79, 1.06] |
| 9.1 Before 1960 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 9.2 1960 to 1979 |
1 |
60 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.76 [0.24, 2.43] |
| 9.3 1980 to 1999 |
18 |
6988 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.86 [0.73, 1.01] |
| 9.4 After 1999 |
14 |
1521 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.05 [0.61, 1.82] |
| 10 Serious adverse events ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more |
33 |
8569 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.79, 1.06] |
| 10.1 Three days or more |
31 |
8480 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.80, 1.06] |
| 10.2 Less than three days |
1 |
39 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 10.3 Unknown |
1 |
50 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.25 [0.01, 5.00] |
| 11 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario |
33 |
8844 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.67 [0.52, 0.86] |
| 12 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario |
33 |
8844 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.27 [0.92, 1.75] |
| 13 Serious adverse events co‐interventions |
134 |
21960 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.84, 0.99] |
| 13.1 received nutrition support as co‐intervention |
8 |
5178 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.79, 1.17] |
| 13.2 did not receive nutrition support as co‐intervention |
119 |
16359 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.90 [0.83, 0.99] |
| 13.3 delayed versus early nutrition support |
7 |
423 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.51, 1.57] |
