1 All‐cause mortality ‐ overall |
36 |
3722 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.03] |
2 All‐cause mortality ‐ bias |
36 |
3722 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.03] |
2.1 High risk of bias |
36 |
3722 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.03] |
2.2 Low risk of bias |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3 All‐cause mortality ‐ medical speciality |
36 |
3722 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.03] |
3.1 Cardiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.2 Medical gastroenterology and hepatology |
4 |
289 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.75 [0.40, 1.42] |
3.3 Geriatrics |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.4 Pulmonary disease |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.5 Endocrinology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.6 Infectious diseases |
1 |
56 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.61 [0.66, 3.92] |
3.7 Rheumatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.8 Haematology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.9 Nephrology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.10 Gastroenterologic surgery |
13 |
1063 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.72 [0.44, 1.18] |
3.11 Trauma surgery |
2 |
139 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.50 [0.20, 1.28] |
3.12 Orthopaedics |
4 |
248 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.21, 3.81] |
3.13 Plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.14 Vascular surgery |
1 |
13 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.15 Transplant surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.16 Urology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.17 Thoracic surgery |
2 |
548 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.22 [0.03, 1.86] |
3.18 Neurological surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.19 Oro‐maxillo‐facial surgery |
1 |
32 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
3.38 [0.15, 77.12] |
3.20 Anaesthesiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.21 Emergency medicine |
3 |
154 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.77 [0.31, 1.94] |
3.22 Psychiatry |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.23 Neurology |
3 |
1027 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.67 [0.33, 1.37] |
3.24 Oncology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.25 Dermatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.26 Gynaecology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
3.27 Mixed |
2 |
153 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.32 [0.03, 2.99] |
4 All‐cause mortality ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories |
36 |
3722 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.03] |
4.1 Clearly adequate in experimental group and clearly inadequate in control group |
7 |
736 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.70 [0.40, 1.25] |
4.2 Inadequate in the experimental group or adequate in the control group |
7 |
410 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.72 [0.28, 1.85] |
4.3 Experimental group is overfed |
2 |
74 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.76 [0.15, 3.79] |
4.4 Unclear intake in experimental group or control group |
20 |
2502 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.73, 1.08] |
5 All‐cause mortality ‐ different screening tools |
36 |
3722 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.03] |
5.1 NRS 2002 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
5.2 MUST |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
5.3 MNA |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
5.4 SGA |
1 |
323 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.75 [0.13, 4.44] |
5.5 Other means |
35 |
3399 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.03] |
6 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions |
36 |
3722 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.03] |
6.1 Major surgery |
18 |
1746 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.69 [0.45, 1.06] |
6.2 Stroke |
3 |
1027 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.67 [0.33, 1.37] |
6.3 ICU participants including trauma |
5 |
293 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.62 [0.32, 1.21] |
6.4 Frail elderly participants with less severe conditions known to increase protein requirements |
2 |
126 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.59 [0.02, 125.73] |
6.5 Participants do not fall into one of the categories above |
8 |
530 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.95 [0.58, 1.56] |
7 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria |
36 |
3722 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.03] |
7.1 BMI less than 20.5 kg/m2 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
7.2 Weight loss of at least 5% during the last three months |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
7.3 Weight loss of at least 10% during the last six months |
1 |
32 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
3.38 [0.15, 77.12] |
7.4 Insufficient food intake during the last week (50% of requirements or less) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
7.5 Participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' by other means |
35 |
3690 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.02] |
8 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics |
36 |
3722 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.03] |
8.1 Biomarkers |
1 |
520 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.15 [0.01, 2.84] |
8.2 Anthropometric measures |
2 |
122 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.71 [0.24, 2.08] |
8.3 Characterised by other means |
33 |
3080 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.76, 1.04] |
9 All‐cause mortality ‐ randomisation year |
36 |
3722 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.03] |
9.1 Before 1960 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
9.2 1960‐1979 |
1 |
26 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.02, 9.98] |
9.3 1980‐1999 |
23 |
2463 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.78, 1.11] |
9.4 After 1999 |
12 |
1233 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.73 [0.52, 1.00] |
10 All‐cause mortality ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more |
36 |
3722 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.03] |
10.1 Three days or more |
30 |
3287 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.03] |
10.2 Less than three days |
6 |
435 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.68 [0.28, 1.65] |
10.3 Unknown |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
11 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario |
36 |
3759 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.72, 0.98] |
12 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario |
36 |
3759 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.79, 1.06] |
13 All‐cause mortality co‐interventions |
36 |
3722 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.75, 1.03] |
13.1 received nutrition support as co‐intervention |
3 |
126 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.60 [0.28, 1.28] |
13.2 did not receive nutrition support as co‐intervention |
27 |
3253 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.79 [0.62, 1.02] |
13.3 delayed versus early nutrition support |
6 |
343 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.06 [0.57, 1.97] |