| 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ overall |
42 |
4212 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.75, 0.95] |
| 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ bias |
42 |
4212 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.75, 0.95] |
| 2.1 High risk of bias |
42 |
4212 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.75, 0.95] |
| 2.2 Low risk of bias |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3 All‐cause mortality ‐ medical speciality |
42 |
4212 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.75, 0.95] |
| 3.1 Cardiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.2 Medical gastroenterology and hepatology |
4 |
289 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.63, 1.21] |
| 3.3 Geriatrics |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.4 Pulmonary disease |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.5 Endocrinology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.6 Infectious diseases |
1 |
56 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.61 [0.66, 3.92] |
| 3.7 Rheumatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.8 Haematology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.9 Nephrology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.10 Gastroenterologic surgery |
15 |
1284 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.75 [0.48, 1.16] |
| 3.11 Trauma surgery |
4 |
204 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.58 [0.30, 1.11] |
| 3.12 Ortopaedics |
4 |
248 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.18, 3.75] |
| 3.13 Plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.14 Vascular surgery |
1 |
13 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.15 Transplant surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.16 Urology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.17 Thoracic surgery |
2 |
548 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.22 [0.03, 1.86] |
| 3.18 Neurological surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.19 Oro‐maxillo‐facial surgery |
1 |
32 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
3.38 [0.15, 77.12] |
| 3.20 Anaesthesiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.21 Emergency medicine |
4 |
213 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.07 [0.61, 1.89] |
| 3.22 Psychiatry |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.23 Neurology |
4 |
1172 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.57 [0.31, 1.05] |
| 3.24 Oncology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.25 Dermatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.26 Gynaecology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.27 Mixed |
2 |
153 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.63 [0.18, 2.21] |
| 4 All‐cause mortality ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories |
42 |
4212 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.75, 0.95] |
| 4.1 Clearly adequate in intervention and clearly inadequate in control |
10 |
954 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.75 [0.46, 1.23] |
| 4.2 Inadequate in the experimental or adequate in the control |
7 |
410 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.72 [0.28, 1.85] |
| 4.3 Experimental group is overfed |
3 |
174 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.01 [0.49, 2.08] |
| 4.4 Unclear intake in control or experimental |
22 |
2674 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.67, 0.99] |
| 5 All‐cause mortality ‐ different screening tools |
42 |
4212 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.75, 0.95] |
| 5.1 NRS 2002 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.2 MUST |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.3 MNA |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.4 SGA |
1 |
323 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.75 [0.13, 4.44] |
| 5.5 Other means |
41 |
3889 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.75, 0.95] |
| 6 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions |
42 |
4212 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.75, 0.95] |
| 6.1 Major surgery |
20 |
1967 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.71 [0.48, 1.06] |
| 6.2 Stroke |
4 |
1172 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.57 [0.31, 1.05] |
| 6.3 ICU participants including trauma |
8 |
417 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.54, 1.26] |
| 6.4 Frail elderly participants with less severe conditions known to increase protein requirements |
2 |
126 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.25 [0.01, 150.42] |
| 6.5 Participants do not fall into one of the categories above |
8 |
530 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.93 [0.69, 1.25] |
| 7 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria |
42 |
4212 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.75, 0.95] |
| 7.1 BMI less than 20.5 kg/m2 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.2 Weight loss of at least 5% during the last three months |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.3 Weight loss of at least 10% during the last six months |
1 |
32 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
3.38 [0.15, 77.12] |
| 7.4 Insufficient food intake during the last week (50% of requirements or less) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.5 Participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' by other means |
41 |
4180 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.75, 0.95] |
| 8 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics |
42 |
4212 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.75, 0.95] |
| 8.1 Biomarkers |
1 |
520 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.15 [0.01, 2.84] |
| 8.2 Anthropometric measures |
2 |
122 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.71 [0.24, 2.08] |
| 8.3 Both anthropometrics and biomarkers |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 8.4 Characterised by other means |
39 |
3570 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.85 [0.75, 0.96] |
| 9 All‐cause mortality ‐ randomisation year |
42 |
4212 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.75, 0.95] |
| 9.1 Before 1960 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 9.2 1960 to 1979 |
1 |
26 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.02, 9.98] |
| 9.3 1980 to 1999 |
24 |
2500 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.87 [0.69, 1.08] |
| 9.4 After 1999 |
17 |
1686 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.76 [0.60, 0.96] |
| 10 All‐cause mortality ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more |
42 |
4212 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.75, 0.95] |
| 10.1 Three days or more |
34 |
3680 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.71, 0.94] |
| 10.2 Less than three days |
8 |
532 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.66, 1.63] |
| 10.3 Unknown |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 11 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario |
42 |
4269 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.75 [0.63, 0.89] |
| 12 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario |
42 |
4269 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.68, 1.03] |
| 13 All‐cause mortality co‐interventions |
42 |
4212 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.73, 0.92] |
| 13.1 received nutrition support as co‐intervention |
5 |
262 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.66, 1.60] |
| 13.2 did not receive nutrition support as co‐intervention |
35 |
3797 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.81 [0.71, 0.91] |
| 13.3 delayed versus early nutrition support |
2 |
153 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.61 [0.17, 2.12] |
