| 1 Serious adverse events ‐ overall |
49 |
4425 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.73, 0.91] |
| 2 Serious adverse events ‐ bias |
49 |
4425 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.73, 0.91] |
| 2.1 High risk of bias |
49 |
4425 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.73, 0.91] |
| 2.2 Low risk of bias |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3 Serious adverse events ‐ by medical speciality |
49 |
4425 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.73, 0.91] |
| 3.1 Cardiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.2 Medical gastroenterology and hepatology |
4 |
289 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.65, 1.23] |
| 3.3 Geriatrics |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.4 Pulmonary disease |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.5 Endocrinology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.6 Infectious diseases |
1 |
56 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.23 [0.52, 2.93] |
| 3.7 Rheumatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.8 Haematology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.9 Nephrology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.10 Gastroenterologic surgery |
21 |
1456 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.68 [0.51, 0.91] |
| 3.11 Trauma surgery |
5 |
245 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.58 [0.30, 1.11] |
| 3.12 Ortopaedics |
4 |
248 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.28, 2.96] |
| 3.13 Plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.14 Vascular surgery |
1 |
13 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.15 Transplant surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.16 Urology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.17 Thoracic surgery |
2 |
548 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.15 [0.02, 1.27] |
| 3.18 Neurological surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.19 Oro‐maxillo‐facial surgery |
1 |
32 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.44, 1.78] |
| 3.20 Anaesthesiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.21 Emergency medicine |
4 |
213 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.60, 1.40] |
| 3.22 Psychiatry |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.23 Neurology |
4 |
1172 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.58 [0.34, 1.00] |
| 3.24 Oncology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.25 Dermatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.26 Gynaecology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.27 Mixed |
2 |
153 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.63 [0.18, 2.21] |
| 4 Serious adverse events ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories |
49 |
4425 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.73, 0.91] |
| 4.1 Clearly adequate in intervention and clearly inadequate in control |
12 |
987 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.72 [0.54, 0.96] |
| 4.2 Inadequate in the experimental or adequate in the control |
8 |
411 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.86 [0.55, 1.35] |
| 4.3 Experimental group is overfed |
4 |
215 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.77 [0.42, 1.42] |
| 4.4 Unclear intake in control or experimental |
25 |
2812 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.75 [0.60, 0.94] |
| 5 Serious adverse events ‐ different screening tools |
49 |
4425 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.73, 0.91] |
| 5.1 NRS 2002 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.2 MUST |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.3 MNA |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.4 SGA |
1 |
323 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.38 [0.13, 1.06] |
| 5.5 Other means |
48 |
4102 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.74, 0.92] |
| 6 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions |
49 |
4425 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.73, 0.91] |
| 6.1 Major surgery |
26 |
2139 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.67 [0.51, 0.88] |
| 6.2 Stroke |
4 |
1172 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.58 [0.34, 1.00] |
| 6.3 ICU participants including trauma |
9 |
458 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.80 [0.56, 1.14] |
| 6.4 Frail elderly participants with less severe conditions known to increase protein requirements |
2 |
126 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
2.24 [0.05, 95.92] |
| 6.5 Participants do not fall into one of the categories above |
8 |
530 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.90 [0.69, 1.19] |
| 7 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria |
49 |
4425 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.73, 0.91] |
| 7.1 BMI less than 20.5 kg/m2 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.2 Weight loss of at least 5% during the last three months |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.3 Weight loss of at least 10% during the last six months |
1 |
32 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.44, 1.78] |
| 7.4 Insufficient food intake during the last week (50% of requirements or less) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.5 Participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' by other means |
48 |
4393 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.81 [0.72, 0.91] |
| 8 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics |
49 |
4425 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.73, 0.91] |
| 8.1 Biomarkers |
3 |
551 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.16 [0.02, 1.26] |
| 8.2 Anthropometric measures |
2 |
122 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.71 [0.24, 2.08] |
| 8.3 Both |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 8.4 Characterised by other means |
44 |
3752 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.74, 0.92] |
| 9 Serious adverse events ‐ randomisation year |
49 |
4425 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.73, 0.91] |
| 9.1 Before 1960 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 9.2 1960 to 1979 |
1 |
26 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.36 [0.10, 19.50] |
| 9.3 1980 to 1999 |
28 |
2591 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.77, 1.00] |
| 9.4 After 1999 |
20 |
1808 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.70 [0.58, 0.85] |
| 10 Serious adverse events ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more |
49 |
4425 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.82 [0.73, 0.91] |
| 10.1 Three days or more |
41 |
3893 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.77 [0.66, 0.89] |
| 10.2 Less than three days |
8 |
532 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.86 [0.60, 1.22] |
| 10.3 Unknown |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 11 Serious adverse events co‐interventions |
49 |
4425 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.78 [0.70, 0.87] |
| 11.1 Received nutrition support as co‐intervention |
3 |
126 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.66 [0.39, 1.12] |
| 11.2 did not receive nutrition support as co‐intervention |
39 |
3918 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.77 [0.68, 0.86] |
| 11.3 delayed versus early nutrition support |
7 |
381 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.06 [0.68, 1.64] |
| 12 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worse case' scenario (enteral nutrition) |
48 |
4489 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.62 [0.51, 0.75] |
| 13 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario (enteral nutrition) |
48 |
4489 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.81 [0.69, 0.95] |
