| 1 Serious adverse events ‐ overall |
48 |
7519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.85, 1.14] |
| 2 Serious adverse events ‐ bias |
48 |
7519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.85, 1.14] |
| 2.1 High risk of bias |
48 |
7519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.85, 1.14] |
| 2.2 Low risk of bias |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3 Serious adverse events ‐ by medical specialty |
48 |
7519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.85, 1.14] |
| 3.1 Cardiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.2 Medical gastroenterology and hepatology |
7 |
259 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.29 [0.73, 2.29] |
| 3.3 High risk |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.4 Geriatrics |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.5 Pulmonary disease |
1 |
25 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.22 [0.01, 4.08] |
| 3.6 Endocrinology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.7 Infectious diseases |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.8 Rheumatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.9 Haematology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.10 Nephrology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.11 Gastroenterologic surgery |
24 |
1663 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.78 [0.56, 1.10] |
| 3.12 Trauma surgery |
2 |
45 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.22 [0.66, 2.25] |
| 3.13 Ortopaedics |
1 |
80 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.14 Plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.15 Vascular surgery |
2 |
35 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.5 [0.05, 4.67] |
| 3.16 Transplant surgery |
2 |
47 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.61 [0.23, 1.65] |
| 3.17 Urology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.18 Thoracic surgery |
1 |
44 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.6 [0.40, 6.32] |
| 3.19 Neurological surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.20 Oro‐maxillo‐facial surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.21 Anaesthesiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.22 Emergency medicine |
4 |
5044 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.00 [0.81, 1.24] |
| 3.23 Psychiatry |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.24 Neurology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.25 Oncology |
4 |
277 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.12 [0.51, 2.44] |
| 3.26 Dermatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.27 Gynaecology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.28 Mixed |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4 Serious adverse events ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories |
48 |
7519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.85, 1.14] |
| 4.1 Clearly adequate in intervention and clearly inadequate in control |
9 |
5736 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.80, 1.19] |
| 4.2 Inadequate in the experimental or adequate in the control |
5 |
218 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.20 [0.74, 1.95] |
| 4.3 Experimental group is overfed |
1 |
124 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.52 [0.19, 1.47] |
| 4.4 Unclear intake in control or experimental |
33 |
1441 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.65, 1.23] |
| 5 Serious adverse events ‐ different screening tools |
48 |
7519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.85, 1.14] |
| 5.1 NRS 2002 |
1 |
4640 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.04 [0.83, 1.30] |
| 5.2 MUST |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.3 MNA |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.4 SGA |
1 |
323 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.72 [0.28, 1.83] |
| 5.5 Other means |
46 |
2556 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.95 [0.77, 1.17] |
| 6 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions |
48 |
7519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.85, 1.14] |
| 6.1 Major surgery |
30 |
1952 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.86 [0.66, 1.13] |
| 6.2 Stroke |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 6.3 ICU participants including trauma |
6 |
5089 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.02 [0.84, 1.25] |
| 6.4 Frail elderly participants with less severe conditions known to increase protein requirements |
2 |
114 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.56 [0.06, 5.63] |
| 6.5 Participants do not fall into one of the categories above |
10 |
364 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.18 [0.69, 2.02] |
| 7 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria |
48 |
7519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.85, 1.14] |
| 7.1 BMI less than 20.5 kg/m2 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.2 Weight loss of at least 5% during the last three months |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.3 Weight loss of at least 10% during the last six months |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.4 Insufficient food intake during the last week (50% of requirements or less) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.5 Participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' by other means |
48 |
7519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.85, 1.14] |
| 8 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics |
48 |
7519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.85, 1.14] |
| 8.1 Biomarkers |
3 |
77 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.39 [0.06, 2.39] |
| 8.2 Anthropometric measures |
3 |
137 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.69 [0.16, 3.01] |
| 8.3 Mixed |
3 |
75 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.66 [0.14, 3.07] |
| 8.4 Characterised by other means |
39 |
7230 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.00 [0.86, 1.16] |
| 9 Serious adverse events ‐ randomisation year |
48 |
7519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.85, 1.14] |
| 9.1 Before 1960 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 9.2 1960 to 1979 |
3 |
98 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
2.02 [0.82, 4.98] |
| 9.3 1980 to 1999 |
37 |
1754 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.95 [0.76, 1.19] |
| 9.4 After 1999 |
8 |
5667 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.79, 1.20] |
| 10 Serious adverse events ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more |
48 |
7519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.85, 1.14] |
| 10.1 Three days or more |
46 |
7412 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.85, 1.15] |
| 10.2 Less than three days |
1 |
80 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.67 [0.12, 3.78] |
| 10.3 Unknown |
1 |
27 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 11 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario |
48 |
8293 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.78 [0.63, 0.98] |
| 12 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario |
48 |
8293 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.16 [0.95, 1.42] |
| 13 Serious adverse events co‐interventions |
48 |
7519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.81, 1.09] |
| 13.1 received nutrition support as co‐intervention |
5 |
5049 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.02 [0.83, 1.26] |
| 13.2 did not receive nutrition support as co‐intervention |
42 |
2390 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.87 [0.70, 1.07] |
| 13.3 delayed versus early nutrition support |
1 |
80 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.67 [0.12, 3.78] |
