| 1 Serious adverse events ‐ overall |
56 |
8263 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.90, 1.07] |
| 2 Serious adverse events ‐ bias |
56 |
8263 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.90, 1.07] |
| 2.1 High risk of bias |
56 |
8263 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.90, 1.07] |
| 2.2 Low risk of bias |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3 Serious adverse events ‐ by medical speciality |
56 |
8263 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.90, 1.07] |
| 3.1 Cardiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.2 Medical gastroenterology and hepatology |
7 |
338 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.69, 1.33] |
| 3.3 Geriatrics |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.4 Pulmonary disease |
1 |
25 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.22 [0.01, 4.08] |
| 3.5 Endocrinology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.6 Infectious diseases |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.7 Rheumatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.8 Haematology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.9 Nephrology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.10 Gastroenterologic surgery |
27 |
2066 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.72, 1.16] |
| 3.11 Trauma surgery |
2 |
45 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.22 [0.66, 2.25] |
| 3.12 Ortopaedics |
1 |
80 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.13 Plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.14 Vascular surgery |
2 |
35 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.5 [0.05, 4.67] |
| 3.15 Transplant surgery |
2 |
47 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.56 [0.22, 1.42] |
| 3.16 Urology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.17 Thoracic surgery |
1 |
44 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.6 [0.40, 6.32] |
| 3.18 Neurological surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.19 Oro‐maxillo‐facial surgery |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.20 Anaesthesiology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.21 Emergency medicine |
7 |
5208 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.84, 1.12] |
| 3.22 Psychiatry |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.23 Neurology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.24 Oncology |
6 |
375 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.02 [0.87, 1.20] |
| 3.25 Dermatology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.26 Gynaecology |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.27 Mixed |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4 Serious adverse events ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories |
56 |
8263 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.90, 1.07] |
| 4.1 Clearly adequate in intervention and clearly inadequate in control |
9 |
5736 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.88, 1.10] |
| 4.2 Inadequate in the experimental or adequate in the control |
4 |
165 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.17 [0.80, 1.72] |
| 4.3 Experimental group is overfed |
5 |
583 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.74, 1.32] |
| 4.4 Unclear intake in control or experimental |
38 |
1779 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.90 [0.73, 1.11] |
| 5 Serious adverse events ‐ different screening tools |
56 |
8263 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.90, 1.07] |
| 5.1 NRS 2002 |
1 |
4640 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.00 [0.85, 1.18] |
| 5.2 MUST |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.3 MNA |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.4 SGA |
1 |
323 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.72 [0.28, 1.83] |
| 5.5 Other means |
54 |
3300 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.88, 1.08] |
| 6 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions |
56 |
8263 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.90, 1.07] |
| 6.1 Major surgery |
34 |
2447 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.90 [0.75, 1.09] |
| 6.2 Stroke |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 6.3 ICU participants including trauma |
7 |
5209 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.86, 1.14] |
| 6.4 Frail elderly participants with less severe conditions known to increase protein requirements |
2 |
114 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.56 [0.06, 5.63] |
| 6.5 Participants do not fall into one of the categories above |
13 |
493 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.02 [0.88, 1.18] |
| 7 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria |
56 |
8263 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.90, 1.07] |
| 7.1 BMI less than 20.5 kg/m2 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.2 Weight loss of at least 5% during the last three months |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.3 Weight loss of at least 10% during the last six months |
2 |
92 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.33 [0.01, 7.78] |
| 7.4 Insufficient food intake during the last week (50% of requirements or less) |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 7.5 Participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' by other means |
54 |
8171 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.90, 1.07] |
| 8 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics |
56 |
8263 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.90, 1.07] |
| 8.1 Biomarkers |
6 |
184 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.45 [0.13, 1.57] |
| 8.2 Anthropometric measures |
3 |
137 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.74 [0.29, 1.89] |
| 8.3 Both |
3 |
75 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.66 [0.14, 3.07] |
| 8.4 Characterised by other means |
44 |
7867 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.90, 1.08] |
| 9 Serious adverse events ‐ randomisation year |
56 |
8263 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.90, 1.07] |
| 9.1 Before 1960 |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 9.2 1960 to 1979 |
4 |
154 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.38 [0.67, 2.83] |
| 9.3 1980 to 1999 |
44 |
2442 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.88, 1.10] |
| 9.4 After 1999 |
8 |
5667 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.83, 1.12] |
| 10 Serious adverse events ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more |
56 |
8263 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.90, 1.07] |
| 10.1 Three days or more |
54 |
8156 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.89, 1.07] |
| 10.2 Less than three days |
1 |
80 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.2 [0.59, 2.45] |
| 10.3 Unknown |
1 |
27 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 11 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario |
56 |
8452 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.80 [0.68, 0.94] |
| 12 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario |
56 |
8452 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.12 [0.96, 1.30] |
| 13 Serious adverse events co‐interventions |
56 |
8263 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.85, 1.04] |
| 13.1 Received nutrition support as co‐intervention |
6 |
5164 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.85, 1.12] |
| 13.2 did not receive nutrition support as co‐intervention |
49 |
3019 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.90 [0.77, 1.04] |
| 13.3 delayed versus early nutrition support |
1 |
80 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.2 [0.59, 2.45] |
