| 1 BMI ‐ overall |
20 |
1528 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.40 [‐0.02, 0.83] |
| 2 BMI ‐ bias |
20 |
1528 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.02, 0.87] |
| 2.1 High risk of bias |
20 |
1528 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.02, 0.87] |
| 2.2 Low risk of bias |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3 BMI ‐ mode of delivery |
20 |
1528 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.02, 0.87] |
| 3.1 General nutrition support |
2 |
196 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.26, 1.57] |
| 3.2 Fortified nutrition |
1 |
146 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
1.10 [‐0.24, 2.44] |
| 3.3 Oral nutrition support |
8 |
588 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.43 [‐0.16, 1.02] |
| 3.4 Enteral nutrition |
8 |
519 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.17 [‐0.60, 0.93] |
| 3.5 Parenteral nutrition |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.6 Mixed nutrition support |
1 |
79 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
1.12 [‐0.15, 2.39] |
| 4 BMI ‐ by medical speciality |
20 |
1528 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.02, 0.87] |
| 4.1 Cardiology |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.2 Medical gastroenterology and hepatology |
3 |
201 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
1.02 [0.13, 1.90] |
| 4.3 Geriatrics |
4 |
452 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.47 [‐0.24, 1.17] |
| 4.4 Pulmonary disease |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.5 Endocrinology |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.6 Infectious diseases |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.7 Rheumatology |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.8 Haematology |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.9 Nephrology |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.10 Gastroenterologic surgery |
6 |
346 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.52 [‐2.16, 1.11] |
| 4.11 Trauma surgery |
2 |
184 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.64 [0.10, 1.18] |
| 4.12 Ortopaedics |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.13 Plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery |
1 |
37 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
1.30 [0.04, 2.56] |
| 4.14 Vascular surgery |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.15 Transplant surgery |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.16 Urology |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.17 Thoracic surgery |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.18 Neurological surgery |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.19 Oro‐maxillo‐facial surgery |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.20 Anaesthesiology |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.21 Emergency medicine |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.22 Psychiatry |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.23 Neurology |
2 |
112 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.24, 1.58] |
| 4.24 Oncology |
1 |
64 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.40 [‐1.40, 2.20] |
| 4.25 Dermatology |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.26 Gynaecology |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 4.27 Mixed |
1 |
132 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
1.0 [‐0.67, 2.67] |
| 5 BMI ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories |
20 |
1528 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.40 [‐0.02, 0.83] |
| 5.1 Clearly adequate in intervention and clearly inadequate in control |
9 |
686 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.54 [0.33, 0.74] |
| 5.2 Inadequate in the experimental or adequate in the control |
2 |
101 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
1.00 [0.38, 1.61] |
| 5.3 Experimental group is overfed |
1 |
46 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 5.4 Unclear intake in control or experimental |
8 |
695 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.04 [‐1.11, 1.03] |
| 6 BMI ‐ different screening tools |
20 |
1528 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.02, 0.87] |
| 6.1 NRS 2002 |
2 |
211 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
1.08 [0.06, 2.09] |
| 6.2 MUST |
1 |
64 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.90 [0.19, 1.61] |
| 6.3 MNA |
1 |
35 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.60 [‐0.78, 1.98] |
| 6.4 SGA |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 6.5 Other means |
16 |
1218 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.30 [‐0.22, 0.83] |
| 7 BMI ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions |
20 |
1528 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.02, 0.87] |
| 7.1 Major surgery |
7 |
383 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.23 [‐1.55, 1.09] |
| 7.2 Stroke |
2 |
112 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.24, 1.58] |
| 7.3 ICU participants including trauma |
1 |
64 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.40 [‐1.22, 2.02] |
| 7.4 Frail elderly participants with less severe conditions known to increase protein requirements |
2 |
199 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.75 [0.22, 1.27] |
| 7.5 Participants do not fall into one of the categories above |
8 |
770 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.65 [0.22, 1.09] |
| 8 BMI ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria |
20 |
1528 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.02, 0.87] |
| 8.1 BMI less than 20.5 kg/m2 |
3 |
229 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
1.21 [0.29, 2.12] |
| 8.2 Weight loss of at least 5% during the last three months |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 8.3 Weight loss of at least 10% during the last six months |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 8.4 Insufficient food intake during the last week (50% of requirements or less) |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 8.5 Participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' by other means |
17 |
1299 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.35 [‐0.11, 0.81] |
| 9 BMI ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics |
20 |
1528 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.02, 0.87] |
| 9.1 Biomarkers |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 9.2 Anthropometric measures |
3 |
229 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
1.21 [0.29, 2.12] |
| 9.3 Characterised by other means |
17 |
1299 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.35 [‐0.11, 0.81] |
| 10 BMI ‐ randomisation year |
20 |
1528 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.02, 0.87] |
| 10.1 Before 1960 |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 10.2 1960 to 1979 |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 10.3 1980 to 1999 |
5 |
249 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.02 [‐2.62, 2.67] |
| 10.4 After 1999 |
15 |
1279 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.57 [0.39, 0.75] |
| 11 BMI ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more |
20 |
1528 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.02, 0.87] |
| 11.1 Three days or more |
20 |
1528 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [0.02, 0.87] |
| 11.2 Less than three days |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
