Holter 1977.

Methods	Randomised clinical trial, USA
Participants	56 hospitalised adults undergoing open abdominal surgery, at nutritional risk due to major surgery Male:Female = not described Exclusion criteria: not described
Interventions	Experimental group: parenteral nutrition. TPN began 72 hrs prior to surgery. At the time of surgery participants were receiving 80 cc/hr or approximately 2000 calories/day with approximately 80 g of protein equivalent, either in the form of casein hydrolysate or crystalline amino acids. Hyperalimentation was continued for a 10‐day period postoperatively or until 1500 calories were achieved by oral intake. (n = 30) Control group: Treatment as usual with blood and albumin infusions, as is routine. (n = 26)
Outcomes	Mortality, complications, weight, serum albumin levels and time needed to archive full peri‐oral nutrition
Study dates	Not stated
Notes	We could not find any contact information for the authors.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Participants were randomised from a random‐numbers table.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	The number of participants with incomplete data was not reported.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No protocol could be obtained, but the trial reported serious adverse events and mortality.
For‐profit bias	Unclear risk	It was unclear how the trial was funded.
Other bias	Low risk	The trial appeared to be free of other components that could put it at risk of bias.